1368488
leprae
1
heidelberg-university-faculty-of-medicine
50
date
desc
1
264
https://cnrmyrma.fr/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A50%2C%22request_next%22%3A50%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22RHQIETLY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hasker%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHasker%2C%20E.%2C%20Assoumani%2C%20Y.%2C%20Randrianantoandro%2C%20A.%2C%20Ramboarina%2C%20S.%2C%20Braet%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Cauchoix%2C%20B.%2C%20Baco%2C%20A.%2C%20Mzembaba%2C%20A.%2C%20Salim%2C%20Z.%2C%20Amidy%2C%20M.%2C%20Grillone%2C%20S.%2C%20Attoumani%2C%20N.%2C%20Grillone%2C%20S.%20H.%2C%20Ronse%2C%20M.%2C%20Peeters%20Grietens%2C%20K.%2C%20Rakoto-Andrianarivelo%2C%20M.%2C%20Harinjatovo%2C%20H.%2C%20Supply%2C%20P.%2C%20Snijders%2C%20R.%2C%20Hoof%2C%20C.%2C%20Tsoumanis%2C%20A.%2C%20Suffys%2C%20P.%2C%20Rasamoelina%2C%20T.%2C%20Corstjens%2C%20P.%2C%20Ortuno-Gutierrez%2C%20N.%2C%20Geluk%2C%20A.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%20and%20De%20Jong%2C%20B.%20C.%20%282024%29.%20%3Cb%3EPost-exposure%20prophylaxis%20in%20leprosy%20%28PEOPLE%29%3A%20a%20cluster%20randomised%20trial%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20The%20Lancet%20Global%20Health%20%3Ci%3E12%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20e1017%26%23x2013%3Be1026%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FS2214-109X%2824%2900062-7%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FS2214-109X%2824%2900062-7%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Post-exposure%20prophylaxis%20in%20leprosy%20%28PEOPLE%29%3A%20a%20cluster%20randomised%20trial%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Epco%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hasker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Younoussa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Assoumani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andriamira%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Randrianantoandro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22St%5Cu00e9phanie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ramboarina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sofie%20Marijke%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Braet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bertrand%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cauchoix%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abdallah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aboubacar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mzembaba%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zahara%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mohammed%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Amidy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Saverio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grillone%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nissad%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Attoumani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sillahi%20Halifa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grillone%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ronse%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Koen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peeters%20Grietens%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mala%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rakoto-Andrianarivelo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hanitra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harinjatovo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Supply%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Snijders%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carolien%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hoof%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Achilleas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tsoumanis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Suffys%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tahinamandranto%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasamoelina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Corstjens%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nimer%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ortuno-Gutierrez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Annemieke%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Geluk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bouke%20Catharina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22De%20Jong%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2206%5C%2F2024%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2FS2214-109X%2824%2900062-7%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222214109X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS2214109X24000627%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-07-17T14%3A31%3A16Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FEICKLB8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mengeot%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMengeot%2C%20L.%2C%20Jachiet%2C%20M.%2C%20Bourrat%2C%20E.%2C%20Mah%26%23xE9%3B%2C%20A.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%2C%20Bernard%2C%20E.%2C%20Pasqualini%2C%20C.%2C%20Chamouine%2C%20A.%2C%20Truong%2C%20J.%2C%20Dumaine%2C%20C.%2C%20Bertolotti%2C%20A.%20and%20Franco%2C%20J.%20%282024%29.%20%3Cb%3EEffective%20management%20of%20severe%20chronic%20erythema%20nodosum%20leprosum%20in%20adolescent%20patient%20using%20ustekinumab%20and%20apremilast%3A%20A%20case%20report%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Acad%20Dermatol%20Venereol%20%3Ci%3E38%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fjdv.19552%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fjdv.19552%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Effective%20management%20of%20severe%20chronic%20erythema%20nodosum%20leprosum%20in%20adolescent%20patient%20using%20ustekinumab%20and%20apremilast%3A%20A%20case%20report%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laura%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mengeot%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jachiet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bourrat%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Antoine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mah%5Cu00e9%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elise%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bernard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cassandre%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pasqualini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abdourahim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chamouine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeanne%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Truong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C%5Cu00e9cile%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dumaine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Antoine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bertolotti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Justine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Franco%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2203%5C%2F2024%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fjdv.19552%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220926-9959%2C%201468-3083%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fjdv.19552%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-10-22T15%3A12%3A31Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XYNZ7MRL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Chauffour%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-11-27%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EChauffour%2C%20A.%2C%20Lounis%2C%20N.%2C%20Andries%2C%20K.%2C%20Jarlier%2C%20V.%2C%20Veziris%2C%20N.%20and%20Aubry%2C%20A.%20%282023%29.%20%3Cb%3EMinimal%20effective%20dose%20of%20bedaquiline%20administered%20orally%20and%20activity%20of%20a%20long%20acting%20formulation%20of%20bedaquiline%20in%20the%20murine%20model%20of%20leprosy%3C%5C%2Fb%3E%20Ed.%20Converse%2C%20P.%20J.%20PLoS%20Negl%20Trop%20Dis%20%3Ci%3E17%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20e0011379%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0011379%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0011379%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Minimal%20effective%20dose%20of%20bedaquiline%20administered%20orally%20and%20activity%20of%20a%20long%20acting%20formulation%20of%20bedaquiline%20in%20the%20murine%20model%20of%20leprosy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aur%5Cu00e9lie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chauffour%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nacer%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lounis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Koen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andries%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vincent%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarlier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicolas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veziris%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aubry%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Converse%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Bedaquiline%20%28BDQ%29%2C%20by%20targeting%20the%20electron%20transport%20chain%20and%20having%20a%20long%20half-life%2C%20is%20a%20good%20candidate%20to%20simplify%20leprosy%20treatment.%20Our%20objectives%20were%20to%20%28i%29%20determine%20the%20minimal%20effective%20dose%20%28MED%29%20of%20BDQ%20administered%20orally%2C%20%28ii%29%20evaluate%20the%20benefit%20of%20combining%20two%20inhibitors%20of%20the%20respiratory%20chain%2C%20BDQ%20administered%20orally%20and%20clofazimine%20%28CFZ%29%29%20and%20%28iii%29%20evaluate%20the%20benefit%20of%20an%20intramuscular%20injectable%20long-acting%20formulation%20of%20BDQ%20%28intramuscular%20BDQ%2C%20BDQ-LA%20IM%29%2C%20in%20a%20murine%20model%20of%20leprosy.%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Methodology%5C%2FPrincipal%20findings%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20To%20determine%20the%20MED%20of%20BDQ%20administered%20orally%20and%20the%20benefit%20of%20adding%20CFZ%2C%20100%20four-week-old%20female%20nude%20mice%20were%20inoculated%20in%20the%20footpads%20with%205x10%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%203%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bacilli%20of%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20M%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20leprae%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20strain%20THAI53.%20Mice%20were%20randomly%20allocated%20into%3A%201%20untreated%20group%2C%205%20groups%20treated%20with%20BDQ%20administered%20orally%20%280.10%20to%2025%20mg%5C%2Fkg%29%2C%203%20groups%20treated%20with%20CFZ%2020%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20alone%20or%20combined%20with%20BDQ%20administered%20orally%200.10%20or%200.33%20mg%5C%2Fkg%2C%20and%201%20group%20treated%20with%20rifampicin%20%28RIF%29%2010%20mg%5C%2Fkg.%20Mice%20were%20treated%205%20days%20a%20week%20during%2024%20weeks.%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20To%20evaluate%20the%20benefit%20of%20the%20BDQ-LA%20IM%2C%20340%20four-week-old%20female%20swiss%20mice%20were%20inoculated%20in%20the%20footpads%20with%205x10%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%203%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20to%205x10%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%201%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bacilli%20%28or%205x10%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%200%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20the%20untreated%20control%20group%29%20of%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20M%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20leprae%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20strain%20THAI53.%20Mice%20were%20randomly%20allocated%20into%20the%20following%2011%20groups%20treated%20with%20a%20single%20dose%20%28SD%29%20or%203%20doses%20%283D%29%2024h%20after%20the%20inoculation%3A%201%20untreated%20group%2C%202%20treated%20with%20RIF%2010%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20SD%20or%203D%2C%208%20treated%20with%20BDQ%20administered%20orally%20or%20BDQ-LA%20IM%202%20or%2020%20mg%5C%2Fkg%2C%20SD%20or%203D.%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Twelve%20months%20later%2C%20mice%20were%20sacrificed%20and%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20M%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20leprae%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bacilli%20enumerated%20in%20the%20footpad.%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20All%20the%20footpads%20became%20negative%20with%20BDQ%20at%203.3%20mg%5C%2Fkg.%20The%20MED%20of%20BDQ%20administered%20orally%20against%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20M%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20leprae%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20in%20this%20model%20is%20therefore%203.3%20mg%5C%2Fkg.%20The%20combination%20of%20CFZ%20and%20BDQ%2010-fold%20lower%20than%20this%20MED%20did%20not%20significantly%20increase%20the%20bactericidal%20activity%20of%20CFZ.%20The%20BDQ-LA%20IM%20displayed%20similar%20or%20lower%20bactericidal%20activity%20than%20the%20BDQ%20administered%20orally.%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Conclusion%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20We%20demonstrated%20that%20the%20MED%20of%20BDQ%20administered%20orally%20against%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20M%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20leprae%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20was%203.3%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20in%20mice%20and%20BDQ%20did%20not%20add%20significantly%20to%20the%20efficacy%20of%20CFZ%20at%20the%20doses%20tested.%20BDQ-LA%20IM%20was%20similar%20or%20less%20active%20than%20BDQ%20administered%20orally%20at%20equivalent%20dosing%20and%20frequency%20but%20should%20be%20tested%20at%20higher%20dosing%20in%20order%20to%20reach%20equivalent%20exposure%20in%20further%20experiments.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-11-27%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0011379%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221935-2735%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdx.plos.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0011379%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-12-31T16%3A07%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MAVM5UFU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jaume%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-04-20%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJaume%2C%20L.%2C%20Hau%2C%20E.%2C%20Monsel%2C%20G.%2C%20Mah%26%23xE9%3B%2C%20A.%2C%20Bertolotti%2C%20A.%2C%20Petit%2C%20A.%2C%20Le%2C%20B.%2C%20Chauveau%2C%20M.%2C%20Duhamel%2C%20E.%2C%20Maisonobe%2C%20T.%2C%20Bagot%2C%20M.%2C%20Bouaziz%2C%20J.-D.%2C%20Mougari%2C%20F.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%2C%20Jachiet%2C%20M.%20and%20Groupe%20d%26%23x2019%3Binfectiologie%20en%20dermatologie%20et%20des%20infections%20sexuellement%20transmissibles%20%28GrIDIST%29%20%282023%29.%20%3Cb%3EMethotrexate%20as%20a%20corticosteroid-sparing%20agent%20in%20leprosy%20reactions%3A%20A%20French%20multicenter%20retrospective%20study%3C%5C%2Fb%3E%20Ed.%20Poonawala%2C%20H.%20PLoS%20Negl%20Trop%20Dis%20%3Ci%3E17%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20e0011238%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0011238%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0011238%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Methotrexate%20as%20a%20corticosteroid-sparing%20agent%20in%20leprosy%20reactions%3A%20A%20French%20multicenter%20retrospective%20study%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L%5Cu00e9a%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jaume%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Estelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gentiane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Monsel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Antoine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mah%5Cu00e9%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Antoine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bertolotti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Antoine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petit%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Britney%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Le%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chauveau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elisabeth%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duhamel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thierry%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maisonobe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bagot%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jean-David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bouaziz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fa%5Cu00efza%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mougari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jachiet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Groupe%20d%5Cu2019infectiologie%20en%20dermatologie%20et%20des%20infections%20sexuellement%20transmissibles%20%28GrIDIST%29%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Husain%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Poonawala%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Introduction%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Leprosy%20reactions%20%28LRs%29%20are%20inflammatory%20responses%20observed%20in%2030%25-50%25%20of%20people%20with%20leprosy.%20First-line%20treatment%20is%20glucocorticoids%20%28GCs%29%2C%20often%20administered%20at%20high%20doses%20with%20prolonged%20courses%2C%20resulting%20in%20high%20morbi-mortality.%20Methotrexate%20%28MTX%29%20is%20an%20immunomodulating%20agent%20used%20to%20treat%20inflammatory%20diseases%20and%20has%20an%20excellent%20safety%20profile%20and%20worldwide%20availability.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20describe%20the%20efficacy%2C%20GCs-sparing%20effect%20and%20safety%20of%20MTX%20in%20LRs.%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Methods%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20We%20conducted%20a%20retrospective%20multicentric%20study%20in%20France%20consisting%20of%20leprosy%20patients%20receiving%20MTX%20for%20a%20reversal%20reaction%20%28RR%29%20and%5C%2For%20erythema%20nodosum%20leprosum%20%28ENL%29%20since%202016.%20The%20primary%20endpoint%20was%20the%20rate%20of%20good%20response%20%28GR%29%20defined%20as%20the%20complete%20disappearance%20of%20inflammatory%20cutaneous%20or%20neurological%20symptoms%20without%20recurrence%20during%20MTX%20treatment.%20The%20secondary%20endpoint%20was%20the%20GCs-sparing%20effect%2C%20safety%20and%20clinical%20relapse%20after%20MTX%20discontinuation.%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Results%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Our%20study%20included%2013%20patients%20with%20LRs%20%288%20men%2C%205%20women%29%3A%206%20had%20ENL%20and%207%20had%20RR.%20All%20patients%20had%20had%20at%20least%20one%20previous%20course%20of%20GCs%20and%202%20previous%20treatment%20lines%20before%20starting%20MTX.%20Overall%2C%208%5C%2F13%20%2861.5%25%29%20patients%20had%20GR%2C%20allowing%20for%20GCs-sparing%20and%20even%20GCs%20withdrawal%20in%206%5C%2F11%20%2854.5%25%29.%20No%20severe%20adverse%20effects%20were%20observed.%20Relapse%20after%20MTX%20discontinuation%20was%20substantial%20%2842%25%29%3A%20the%20median%20relapse%20time%20was%205.5%20months%20%28range%203%5Cu201314%29%20after%20stopping%20treatment.%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Conclusion%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20MTX%20seems%20to%20be%20an%20effective%20alternative%20treatment%20in%20LRs%2C%20allowing%20for%20GCs-sparing%20with%20a%20good%20safety%20profile.%20Furthermore%2C%20early%20introduction%20during%20LRs%20may%20lead%20to%20a%20better%20therapeutic%20response.%20However%2C%20its%20efficacy%20seems%20to%20suggest%20prolonged%20therapy%20to%20prevent%20recurrence.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-4-20%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0011238%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221935-2735%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdx.plos.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0011238%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-11-13T15%3A44%3A46Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KIL3J8HA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kirga%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-03-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKirga%2C%20K.%20A.%2C%20Nadlaou%2C%20B.%2C%20Mahamat%2C%20A.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%2C%20Penlap%2C%20V.%20and%20Godreuil%2C%20S.%20%282023%29.%20%3Cb%3EGenotypic%20characterization%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20strains%20resistant%20to%20rifampicin%20and%20ofloxacin%20in%20three%20health%20districts%20in%20Chad%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20J%20Drug%20Delivery%20Ther%20%3Ci%3E13%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%207%26%23x2013%3B11%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.22270%5C%2Fjddt.v13i3.5748%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.22270%5C%2Fjddt.v13i3.5748%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Genotypic%20characterization%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20strains%20resistant%20to%20rifampicin%20and%20ofloxacin%20in%20three%20health%20districts%20in%20Chad%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kabo%20Abakar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kirga%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bessimbaye%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nadlaou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abakar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mahamat%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V%5Cu00e9ronique%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Penlap%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sylvain%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Godreuil%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Antimicrobial%20surveillance%20and%20identification%20of%20the%20genetic%20basis%20of%20antimicrobial%20resistance%20provides%20important%20information%20to%20optimize%20patient%20care.%20The%20present%20study%20was%20an%20analytical%20cross-sectional%20study%20aimed%20at%20determining%20the%20prevalence%20of%20rifampicin%20and%20ofloxacin%20resistance%20genes%20among%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20strains%20in%20three%20health%20districts%20in%20Chad.%20%20%5CnThe%20determination%20of%20the%20folP1%2C%20rpoB%20and%20gyrA%20resistance%20genes%20was%20carried%20out%20by%20PCR-RLEP%20and%20confirmed%20by%20sequencing%20from%2080%20biopsy%20samples%20taken%20from%20patients%20with%20multibacillary%20leprosy%2C%20including%2012%20relapsed%20patients%20and%2068%20new%20cases.%20In%20the%20whole%20cohort%2C%201%5C%2F80%20%281.2%25%29%20showed%20resistance%20to%20rifampicin%20and%201%5C%2F80%20%281.2%25%29%20to%20ofloxacin.%20No%20mutations%20were%20detected%20for%20dapsone.%20The%20presence%20of%20M.%20leprae%20mutation%20associated%20with%20rifampicin%20resistance%20was%20observed%20in%20a%20relapsed%20patient%20and%20the%20mutation%20associated%20with%20ofloxacin%20resistance%20was%20observed%20in%20a%20patient%20with%20multibacillary%20leprosy%20who%20had%20not%20been%20sensitized%20by%20ofloxacin%20but%20should%20have%20used%20other%20quinolones.%20Both%20mutant%20strains%20revealed%20the%20emergence%20of%20secondary%20resistance.%20%20%5CnThis%20study%2C%20the%20first%20to%20highlight%20the%20emergence%20of%20resistance%20to%20rifampicin%20and%20ofloxacin%20in%20Chad.%20It%20raises%20the%20need%20to%20implement%20a%20robust%20surveillance%20system%20to%20detect%20resistance%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20in%20Chad%20and%20even%20in%20Central%20Africa.%20%20%5CnKeywords%3A%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%2C%20resistance%2C%20Chad%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-03-15%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.22270%5C%2Fjddt.v13i3.5748%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222250-1177%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjddtonline.info%5C%2Findex.php%5C%2Fjddt%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fview%5C%2F5748%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-01-04T16%3A45%3A50Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22N5B9XVNP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cambau%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECambau%2C%20E.%20%282023%29.%20%3Cb%3ELa%20l%26%23xE8%3Bpre%20aujourd%26%23x2019%3Bhui%26%23x202F%3B%3A%20de%20gros%20progr%26%23xE8%3Bs%20mais%20des%20r%26%23xE9%3Bsistances%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Bulletin%20de%20l%26%23x2019%3BAcad%26%23xE9%3Bmie%20Nationale%20de%20M%26%23xE9%3Bdecine%20%3Ci%3E207%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%201053%26%23x2013%3B1063%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.banm.2023.04.017%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.banm.2023.04.017%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22La%20l%5Cu00e8pre%20aujourd%5Cu2019hui%20%3A%20de%20gros%20progr%5Cu00e8s%20mais%20des%20r%5Cu00e9sistances%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2210%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22fr%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.banm.2023.04.017%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2200014079%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0001407923002042%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-01-04T16%3A43%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22D6WISGK7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jouet%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJouet%2C%20A.%2C%20Braet%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Gaudin%2C%20C.%2C%20Bisch%2C%20G.%2C%20Vasconcellos%2C%20S.%2C%20Epaminondas%20Nicacio%20De%20Oliveira%20Do%20Livramento%2C%20R.%20E.%2C%20Prado%20Palacios%2C%20Y.%20Y.%2C%20Fontes%2C%20A.%20B.%2C%20Lucena%2C%20N.%2C%20Rosa%2C%20P.%2C%20Moraes%2C%20M.%2C%20La%2C%20K.%2C%20Badalato%2C%20N.%2C%20Lenoir%2C%20E.%2C%20Ferr%26%23xE9%3B%2C%20A.%2C%20Cl%26%23xE9%3Bment%2C%20M.%2C%20Hasker%2C%20E.%2C%20Grillone%2C%20S.%20H.%2C%20Abdou%2C%20W.%2C%20Said%2C%20A.%2C%20Assoumani%2C%20Y.%2C%20Attoumani%2C%20N.%2C%20Laurent%2C%20Y.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%2C%20De%20Jong%2C%20B.%20C.%2C%20Suffys%2C%20P.%20N.%20and%20Supply%2C%20P.%20%282023%29.%20%3Cb%3EHi-plex%20deep%20amplicon%20sequencing%20for%20identification%2C%20high-resolution%20genotyping%20and%20multidrug%20resistance%20prediction%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20directly%20from%20patient%20biopsies%20by%20using%20Deeplex%20Myc-Lep%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20eBioMedicine%20%3Ci%3E93%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20104649%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ebiom.2023.104649%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ebiom.2023.104649%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Hi-plex%20deep%20amplicon%20sequencing%20for%20identification%2C%20high-resolution%20genotyping%20and%20multidrug%20resistance%20prediction%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20directly%20from%20patient%20biopsies%20by%20using%20Deeplex%20Myc-Lep%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Agathe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jouet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sofie%20Marijke%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Braet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cyril%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gaudin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ga%5Cu00eblle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bisch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sidra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vasconcellos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rebecca%20Emmanuela%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epaminondas%20Nicacio%20De%20Oliveira%20Do%20Livramento%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yrneh%20Yadamis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prado%20Palacios%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amanda%20Brum%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fontes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Norma%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lucena%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patricia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Milton%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moraes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kevin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22La%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nelly%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Badalato%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Esteban%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lenoir%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alice%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ferr%5Cu00e9%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cl%5Cu00e9ment%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Epco%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hasker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Silahi%20Halifa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grillone%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wirdane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abdou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aouladi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Said%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Younoussa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Assoumani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nissad%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Attoumani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yannick%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Laurent%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bouke%20Catherine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22De%20Jong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%20No%5Cu00ebl%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Suffys%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Supply%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2207%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.ebiom.2023.104649%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2223523964%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS2352396423002141%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-11-13T15%3A47%3A15Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222V395TDR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Marijke%20Braet%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-09-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMarijke%20Braet%2C%20S.%2C%20Jouet%2C%20A.%2C%20Aubry%2C%20A.%2C%20Van%20Dyck-Lippens%2C%20M.%2C%20Lenoir%2C%20E.%2C%20Assoumani%2C%20Y.%2C%20Baco%2C%20A.%2C%20Mzembaba%2C%20A.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%2C%20Vasconcellos%2C%20S.%20E.%20G.%2C%20Rigouts%2C%20L.%2C%20Suffys%2C%20P.%20N.%2C%20Hasker%2C%20E.%2C%20Supply%2C%20P.%20and%20de%20Jong%2C%20B.%20C.%20%282022%29.%20%3Cb%3EInvestigating%20drug%20resistance%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20in%20the%20Comoros%3A%20an%20observational%20deep-sequencing%20study%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20The%20Lancet%20Microbe%20%3Ci%3E3%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20e693%26%23x2013%3Be700%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FS2666-5247%2822%2900117-3%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FS2666-5247%2822%2900117-3%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Investigating%20drug%20resistance%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20in%20the%20Comoros%3A%20an%20observational%20deep-sequencing%20study%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sofie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marijke%20Braet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Agathe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jouet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aubry%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Magalie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Dyck-Lippens%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Esteban%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lenoir%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Younoussa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Assoumani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abdallah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aboubacar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mzembaba%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sidra%20Ezidio%20Gon%5Cu00e7alves%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vasconcellos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Leen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigouts%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%20Noel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Suffys%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Epco%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hasker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Supply%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bouke%20Catherine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Jong%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%5CnDespite%20strong%20leprosy%20control%20measures%2C%20including%20effective%20treatment%2C%20leprosy%20persists%20in%20the%20Comoros.%20As%20of%20May%2C%202022%2C%20no%20resistance%20to%20anti-leprosy%20drugs%20had%20been%20reported%2C%20but%20there%20are%20no%20nationally%20representative%20data.%20Post-exposure%20prophylaxis%20%28PEP%29%20with%20rifampicin%20is%20offered%20to%20contacts%20of%20patients%20with%20leprosy.%20We%20aimed%20to%20conduct%20a%20countrywide%20drug%20resistance%20survey%20and%20investigate%20whether%20PEP%20led%20to%20the%20emergence%20of%20drug%20resistance%20in%20patients%20with%20leprosy.%5CnMethods%5CnIn%20this%20observational%2C%20deep-sequencing%20analysis%20we%20assessed%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20genomes%20from%20skin%20biopsies%20of%20patients%20in%20Anjouan%20and%20Moh%5Cu00e9li%2C%20Comoros%2C%20collected%20as%20part%20of%20the%20ComLep%20%28NCT03526718%29%20and%20PEOPLE%20%28NCT03662022%29%20studies.%20Skin%20biopsies%20that%20had%20sufficient%20M%20leprae%20DNA%20%28%3E2000%20bacilli%20in%202%20%5Cu03bcl%20of%20DNA%20extract%29%20were%20assessed%20for%20the%20presence%20of%20seven%20drug%20resistance-associated%20genes%20%28ie%2C%20rpoB%2C%20ctpC%2C%20ctpI%2C%20folP1%2C%20gyrA%2C%20gyrB%2C%20and%20nth%29%20using%20Deeplex%20Myc-Lep%20%28targeted%20next%20generation%20deep%20sequencing%29%2C%20with%20a%20limit%20of%20detection%20of%2010%25%20for%20minority%20M%20leprae%20bacterial%20populations%20bearing%20a%20polymorphism%20in%20these%20genes.%20All%20newly%20registered%20patients%20with%20leprosy%20for%20whom%20written%20informed%20consent%20was%20obtained%20were%20eligible%20for%20inclusion%20in%20the%20survey.%20Patients%20younger%20than%202%20years%20or%20with%20a%20single%20lesion%20on%20the%20face%20did%20not%20have%20biopsies%20taken.%20The%20primary%20outcome%20of%20our%20study%20was%20the%20proportion%20of%20patients%20with%20leprosy%20%28ie%2C%20new%20cases%2C%20patients%20with%20relapses%20or%20reinfections%2C%20patients%20who%20received%20single%20%28double%29%20dose%20rifampicin-PEP%2C%20or%20patients%20who%20lived%20in%20villages%20where%20PEP%20was%20distributed%29%20who%20were%20infected%20with%20M%20leprae%20with%20a%20drug-resistant%20mutation%20for%20rifampicin%2C%20fluoroquinolone%2C%20or%20dapsone%20in%20the%20Comoros.%5CnFindings%5CnBetween%20July%201%2C%202017%2C%20and%20Dec%2031%2C%202020%2C%201199%20patients%20with%20leprosy%20were%20identified%20on%20the%20basis%20of%20clinical%20criteria%2C%20of%20whom%201030%20provided%20a%20skin%20biopsy.%20Of%20these%201030%20patients%2C%20755%20%2873%5Cu00b73%25%29%20tested%20positive%20for%20the%20M%20leprae-specific%20repetitive%20element-quantitative%20PCR%20%28qPCR%29%20assay.%20Of%20these%20755%20patients%2C%20260%20%2834%5Cu00b74%25%29%20were%20eligible%20to%20be%20analysed%20using%20Deeplex%20Myc-Lep.%20251%20%2896%5Cu00b75%25%29%20were%20newly%20diagnosed%20with%20leprosy%2C%20whereas%20nine%20%283%5Cu00b74%25%29%20patients%20had%20previously%20received%20multidrug%20therapy.%2045%20%2817%5Cu00b73%25%29%20patients%20resided%20in%20villages%20where%20PEP%20had%20been%20administered%20in%202015%20or%202019%2C%20two%20%284%5Cu00b74%25%29%20of%20whom%20received%20PEP.%20All%20seven%20drug%20resistance-associated%20targets%20were%20successfully%20sequenced%20in%20216%20samples%2C%2039%20samples%20had%20incomplete%20results%2C%20and%20five%20had%20no%20results.%20No%20mutations%20were%20detected%20in%20any%20of%20the%20seven%20drug%20resistance-related%20genes%20for%20any%20patient%20with%20successfully%20sequenced%20results.%5CnInterpretation%5CnThis%20drug%20resistance%20survey%20provides%20evidence%20to%20show%20that%20M%20leprae%20is%20fully%20susceptible%20to%20rifampicin%2C%20fluoroquinolones%2C%20and%20dapsone%20in%20the%20Comoros.%20Our%20results%20also%20show%2C%20for%20the%20first%20time%2C%20the%20applicability%20of%20targeted%20sequencing%20directly%20on%20skin%20biopsies%20from%20patients%20with%20either%20paucibacillary%20or%20multibacillary%20leprosy.%20These%20data%20suggest%20that%20PEP%20had%20not%20selected%20rifampicin-resistant%20strains%2C%20although%20further%20support%20for%20this%20finding%20should%20be%20confirmed%20with%20a%20larger%20sample%20size.%5CnFunding%5CnEffect%3AHope%2C%20The%20Mission%20To%20End%20Leprosy%2C%20the%20Fonds%20Wetenschappelijk%20Onderzoek%2C%20the%20EU.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-09-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2FS2666-5247%2822%2900117-3%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222666-5247%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS2666524722001173%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-23T13%3A29%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223996TQSC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Aubry%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-08-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAubry%2C%20A.%2C%20Sammarco%20Rosa%2C%20P.%2C%20Chauffour%2C%20A.%2C%20Fletcher%2C%20M.%20L.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%20and%20Avanzi%2C%20C.%20%282022%29.%20%3Cb%3EDrug%20resistance%20in%20leprosy%3A%20An%20update%20following%2070years%20of%20chemotherapy%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Infectious%20Diseases%20Now%20%3Ci%3E52%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20243%26%23x2013%3B251%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.idnow.2022.04.001%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.idnow.2022.04.001%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Drug%20resistance%20in%20leprosy%3A%20An%20update%20following%2070years%20of%20chemotherapy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aubry%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sammarco%20Rosa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chauffour%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fletcher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Avanzi%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Leprosy%20is%20one%20of%20the%20oldest%20infectious%20diseases%2C%20reported%20for%20more%20than%202000years.%20Leprosy%20elimination%20goal%20as%20a%20public%20health%20problem%20set%20by%20the%20World%20Health%20Organization%2C%20aiming%20for%20a%20global%20prevalence%20rate%3C1%20patient%20in%20a%20population%20of%2010%2C000%2C%20was%20achieved%20in%202000%20mainly%20thanks%20to%20the%20worldwide%20use%20of%20leprosy%20drugs%20starting%20in%20the%201980s%20and%20their%20access%20at%20no%20cost%20for%20patients%20since%201995.%20However%2C%20around%20200%2C000%20new%20cases%20are%20still%20reported%20each%20year%2C%20particularly%20in%20India%2C%20Brazil%2C%20and%20Indonesia.%20As%20with%20other%20bacteria%20of%20medical%20interest%2C%20antimicrobial%20resistance%20is%20observed%20in%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20strains%20in%20several%20parts%20of%20the%20world%2C%20despite%20multidrug%20therapy%20being%20the%20recommended%20standard%20leprosy%20treatment%20to%20avoid%20resistance%20selection%20since%201982.%20Therefore%2C%20identifying%20and%20monitoring%20resistance%20is%20necessary.%20We%20provide%20an%20overview%20of%20the%20historical%20facts%20that%20led%20to%20the%20current%20drug%20resistance%20situation%2C%20the%20antibiotics%20effective%20against%20M.%5Cu00a0leprae%2C%20their%20mechanisms%20of%20action%20and%20resistance%2C%20and%20resistance%20detection%20methods.%20We%20also%20discuss%20therapeutic%20management%20of%20the%20resistant%20cases%2C%20new%20genes%20with%20potential%20roles%20in%20drug%20resistance%20and%20bacterial%20adaptation%2C%20new%20drugs%20under%20investigation%2C%20and%20the%20risk%20for%20resistance%20selection%20with%20the%20chemoprophylaxis%20measures.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-08-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.idnow.2022.04.001%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222666-9919%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS2666991922000665%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-23T13%3A26%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226ZBLUWE8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Chauffour%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-11-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EChauffour%2C%20A.%2C%20Morel%2C%20F.%2C%20Reibel%2C%20F.%2C%20Petrella%2C%20S.%2C%20Mayer%2C%20C.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%20and%20Aubry%2C%20A.%20%282021%29.%20%3Cb%3EA%20systematic%20review%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20DNA%20gyrase%20mutations%20and%20their%20impact%20on%20fluoroquinolone%20resistance%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Clinical%20Microbiology%20and%20Infection%20%3Ci%3E27%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%201601%26%23x2013%3B1612%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cmi.2021.07.007%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cmi.2021.07.007%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20systematic%20review%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20DNA%20gyrase%20mutations%20and%20their%20impact%20on%20fluoroquinolone%20resistance%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aur%5Cu00e9lie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chauffour%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florence%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florence%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reibel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22St%5Cu00e9phanie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petrella%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Claudine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mayer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aubry%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%5CnThe%20fact%20that%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20does%20not%20grow%20in%5Cu00a0vitro%20remains%20a%20challenge%20in%20the%20survey%20of%20its%20antimicrobial%20resistance%20%28AMR%29.%20Mainly%20molecular%20methods%20are%20used%20to%20diagnose%20AMR%20in%20M.%5Cu00a0leprae%20to%20provide%20reliable%20data%20concerning%20mutations%20and%20their%20impact.%20Fluoroquinolones%20%28FQs%29%20are%20efficient%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20leprosy%20and%20the%20main%20second-line%20drugs%20in%20case%20of%20multidrug%20resistance.%5CnObjectives%5CnThis%20study%20aimed%20at%20performing%20a%20systematic%20review%20%28a%29%20to%20characterize%20all%20DNA%20gyrase%20gene%20mutations%20described%20in%20clinical%20isolates%20of%20M.%5Cu00a0leprae%2C%20%28b%29%20to%20distinguish%20between%20those%20associated%20with%20FQ%20resistance%20or%20susceptibility%20and%20%28c%29%20to%20delineate%20a%20consensus%20numbering%20system%20for%20M.%5Cu00a0leprae%20GyrA%20and%20GyrB.%5CnData%20sources%5CnData%20source%20was%20PubMed.%5CnStudy%20eligibility%20criteria%5CnPublications%20reporting%20genotypic%20susceptibility-testing%20methods%20and%20gyrase%20gene%20mutations%20in%20M.%5Cu00a0leprae%20clinical%20strains.%5CnResults%5CnIn%2025%20studies%20meeting%20our%20inclusion%20criteria%2C%202884%20M.%5Cu00a0leprae%20isolates%20were%20analysed%20%282236%20for%20gyrA%20only%20%2877%25%29%20and%20755%20for%20both%20gyrA%20and%20gyrB%20%2826%25%29%29%3A%203.8%25%20of%20isolates%20had%20gyrA%20mutations%20%28n%5Cu00a0%3D%5Cu00a0110%29%2C%20mostly%20at%20position%2091%20%28n%5Cu00a0%3D%5Cu00a075%2C%2068%25%29%20and%200.8%25%20gyrB%20mutations%20%28n%5Cu00a0%3D%5Cu00a06%29.%20Since%20we%20found%20discrepancies%20regarding%20the%20location%20of%20substitutions%20associated%20with%20FQ%20resistance%2C%20we%20established%20a%20consensus%20numbering%20system%20to%20properly%20number%20the%20mutations.%20We%20also%20designed%20a%203D%20model%20of%20the%20M.%5Cu00a0leprae%20DNA%20gyrase%20to%20predict%20the%20impact%20of%20mutations%20whose%20role%20in%20FQ-susceptibility%20has%20not%20been%20demonstrated%20previously.%5CnConclusions%5CnMutations%20in%20DNA%20gyrase%20are%20observed%20in%204%25%20of%20the%20M.%5Cu00a0leprae%20clinical%20isolates.%20To%20solve%20discrepancies%20among%20publications%20and%20to%20distinguish%20between%20mutations%20associated%20with%20FQ%20resistance%20or%20susceptibility%2C%20the%20consensus%20numbering%20system%20we%20proposed%20as%20well%20as%20the%203D%20model%20of%20the%20M.%5Cu00a0leprae%20gyrase%20for%20the%20evaluation%20of%20the%20impact%20of%20unknown%20mutations%20in%20FQ%20resistance%2C%20will%20provide%20help%20for%20resistance%20surveillance.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22novembre%201%2C%202021%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.cmi.2021.07.007%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221198-743X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS1198743X21003815%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-02-25T15%3A26%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22W4PB7XMU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ortu%5Cu00f1o-Guti%5Cu00e9rrez%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EOrtu%26%23xF1%3Bo-Guti%26%23xE9%3Brrez%2C%20N.%2C%20Mzembaba%2C%20A.%2C%20Ramboarina%2C%20S.%2C%20Andriamira%2C%20R.%2C%20Baco%2C%20A.%2C%20Braet%2C%20S.%2C%20Younoussa%2C%20A.%2C%20Cauchoix%2C%20B.%2C%20Salim%2C%20Z.%2C%20Amidy%2C%20M.%2C%20Grillone%2C%20S.%2C%20Rasamoelina%2C%20T.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%2C%20Geluk%2C%20A.%2C%20de%20Jong%2C%20B.%20C.%2C%20Richardus%2C%20J.%20H.%20and%20Hasker%2C%20E.%20%282021%29.%20%3Cb%3EExploring%20clustering%20of%20leprosy%20in%20the%20Comoros%20and%20Madagascar%3A%20A%20geospatial%20analysis%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20International%20Journal%20of%20Infectious%20Diseases%20%3Ci%3E108%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2096%26%23x2013%3B101%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ijid.2021.05.014%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ijid.2021.05.014%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Exploring%20clustering%20of%20leprosy%20in%20the%20Comoros%20and%20Madagascar%3A%20A%20geospatial%20analysis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nimer%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ortu%5Cu00f1o-Guti%5Cu00e9rrez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aboubacar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mzembaba%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22St%5Cu00e9phanie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ramboarina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Randrianantoandro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andriamira%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abdallah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sofie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Braet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Assoumani%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Younoussa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bertrand%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cauchoix%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zahara%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mohamed%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Amidy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Saverio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grillone%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tahinamandranto%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasamoelina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Annemieke%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Geluk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bouke%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Jong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jan%20Hendrik%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Richardus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Epco%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hasker%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2207%5C%2F2021%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.ijid.2021.05.014%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2212019712%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS120197122100415X%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-03-21T14%3A00%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22F3L9SGJN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rousset%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-12-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERousset%2C%20L.%2C%20Sokal%2C%20A.%2C%20Vignon-Pennamen%2C%20M.-D.%2C%20Pagis%2C%20V.%2C%20Rybojad%2C%20M.%2C%20Lecorche%2C%20E.%2C%20Mougari%2C%20F.%2C%20Bagot%2C%20M.%2C%20Bouaziz%2C%20J.-D.%20and%20Jachiet%2C%20M.%20%282020%29.%20%3Cb%3EAssociation%20d%26%23x2019%3Bune%20l%26%23xE8%3Bpre%20borderline%20tuberculo%26%23xEF%3Bde%20et%20d%26%23x2019%3Bune%20tuberculose%26%23xA0%3B%3A%20un%20cas%20et%20revue%20de%20la%20litt%26%23xE9%3Brature%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Annales%20de%20Dermatologie%20et%20de%20V%26%23xE9%3Bn%26%23xE9%3Br%26%23xE9%3Bologie%20%3Ci%3E147%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20886%26%23x2013%3B891%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.annder.2020.09.571%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.annder.2020.09.571%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Association%20d%5Cu2019une%20l%5Cu00e8pre%20borderline%20tuberculo%5Cu00efde%20et%20d%5Cu2019une%20tuberculose%5Cu00a0%3A%20un%20cas%20et%20revue%20de%20la%20litt%5Cu00e9rature%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rousset%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sokal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20-D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vignon-Pennamen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pagis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rybojad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lecorche%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mougari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bagot%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20-D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bouaziz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jachiet%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22R%5Cu00e9sum%5Cu00e9%5CnIntroduction%5CnEn%20m%5Cu00e9tropole%2C%20pr%5Cu00e8s%20de%2020%5Cu00a0nouveaux%20cas%20de%20l%5Cu00e8pre%20sont%20diagnostiqu%5Cu00e9s%20chaque%20ann%5Cu00e9e.%20L%5Cu2019incidence%20de%20la%20tuberculose%20en%20France%20est%20de%208%5C%2F100%20000%5Cu00a0habitants%20et%20l%5Cu2019association%20des%202%5Cu00a0mycobact%5Cu00e9ries%20a%20%5Cu00e9t%5Cu00e9%20exceptionnellement%20rapport%5Cu00e9e.%20Nous%20rapportons%20un%20cas%20de%20co-infection%20l%5Cu00e8pre%20Borderline%20Tuberculo%5Cu00efde%20%28BT%29%20et%20tuberculose%20diss%5Cu00e9min%5Cu00e9e%2C%20diagnostiqu%5Cu00e9%20en%20m%5Cu00e9tropole.%5CnObservation%5CnUn%20homme%20pr%5Cu00e9sentait%20des%20plaques%20%5Cu00e9ryth%5Cu00e9mateuses%20infiltr%5Cu00e9es%20hypoesth%5Cu00e9siques%20diffuses.%20La%20biopsie%20montrait%20un%20granulome%20%5Cu00e9pith%5Cu00e9lio%5Cu00efde%20lympho-histiocytaire%20p%5Cu00e9ri-sudoral%20et%20p%5Cu00e9ri-nerveux%2C%20avec%20des%20bacilles%20acido-alcoolo-r%5Cu00e9sistants%20sur%20la%20coloration%20de%20Ziehl.%20La%20PCR%20Mycobacterium%20Leprae%20%5Cu00e9tait%20positive%2C%20confirmant%20le%20diagnostic%20de%20l%5Cu00e8pre%2C%20dans%20une%20forme%20BT.%20Le%20bilan%20d%5Cu2019extension%20r%5Cu00e9v%5Cu00e9lait%20un%20%5Cu00e9panchement%20pleural%20gauche%20%5Cu00e0%20pr%5Cu00e9dominance%20lymphocytaire%2C%20une%20ad%5Cu00e9nopathie%20hilaire%20droite%20%5Cu00e0%20centre%20n%5Cu00e9crotique%20sans%20granulome%20histologique%2C%20une%20recherche%20de%20BK%20n%5Cu00e9gative%2C%20un%20test%20quantiFERON-TB%5Cu2122%20et%20une%20intra-dermo%20r%5Cu00e9action%20%5Cu00e0%20la%20tuberculine%20positifs.%20Le%20tableau%20clinique%20et%20radiologique%20%5Cu00e9tait%20en%20faveur%20d%5Cu2019une%20tuberculose%20diss%5Cu00e9min%5Cu00e9e.%20La%20quadrith%5Cu00e9rapie%20anti-tuberculeuse%20%28rifampicine%2C%20isoniazide%2C%20ethambutol%20et%20pyrazinamide%29%20et%20la%20clofazimine%20permettaient%20une%20r%5Cu00e9gression%20des%20l%5Cu00e9sions%20cutan%5Cu00e9es%20et%20extra-cutan%5Cu00e9es.%5CnDiscussion%5CnCette%20rare%20co-infection%20associe%20une%20l%5Cu00e8pre%20souvent%20l%5Cu00e9promateuse%20%5Cu00e9volutive%20depuis%20plusieurs%20ann%5Cu00e9es%20et%20une%20tuberculose%20souvent%20pulmonaire%20d%5Cu2019apparition%20ult%5Cu00e9rieure.%20L%5Cu2019%20hypoth%5Cu00e8se%20physiopathologique%20est%20celle%20de%20l%5Cu2019immunit%5Cu00e9%20crois%5Cu00e9e%20%28l%5Cu2019immunit%5Cu00e9%20anti-tuberculeuse%20prot%5Cu00e9geant%20contre%20une%20l%5Cu00e8pre%20ult%5Cu00e9rieure%20et%20inversement%29%2C%20%5Cu00e9tay%5Cu00e9e%20par%20la%20corr%5Cu00e9lation%20inverse%20des%20deux%20pr%5Cu00e9valences%20et%20par%20la%20protection%20induite%20par%20la%20vaccination%20antituberculeuse.%20Dans%20la%20plupart%20des%20cas%2C%20le%20traitement%20antituberculeux%20et%20antil%5Cu00e9preux%20permettent%20une%20am%5Cu00e9lioration%20des%20deux%20maladies.%20Un%20cas%20de%20l%5Cu00e8pre%20doit%20faire%20rechercher%20une%20tuberculose%20latente%20afin%20d%5Cu2019%5Cu00e9viter%20une%20r%5Cu00e9activation%2C%20%5Cu00e0%20fortiori%20si%20une%20corticoth%5Cu00e9rapie%20est%20associ%5Cu00e9e.%5CnSummary%5CnIntroduction%5CnIn%20metropolitan%20France%2C%20nearly%2020%5Cu00a0new%20cases%20of%20leprosy%20are%20diagnosed%20each%20year.%20The%20incidence%20of%20tuberculosis%20in%20France%20is%208%5C%2F100%2C000%5Cu00a0inhabitants%20and%20there%20are%20very%20few%20accounts%20of%20association%20of%20these%20two%20mycobacteria.%20Herein%20we%20report%20a%20case%20of%20co-infection%20with%20borderline%20tuberculoid%20%28BT%29%20leprosy%20and%20disseminated%20tuberculosis%20diagnosed%20in%20metropolitan%20France.%5CnPatients%20and%20methods%5CnA%20male%20subject%20presented%20with%20diffuse%20painless%20infiltrated%20erythematous%20plaques.%20The%20biopsy%20revealed%20perisudoral%20and%20perineural%20lymphohistiocytic%20epithelioid%20cell%20granuloma%20as%20well%20as%20acid-alcohol-fast%20bacilli%20on%20Ziehl%20staining.%20PCR%20was%20positive%20for%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%2C%20confirming%20the%20diagnosis%20of%20leprosy%20in%20the%20BT%20form.%20The%20staging%20examination%20revealed%20predominantly%20lymphocytic%20left%20pleural%20effusion%2C%20right-central%20necrotic%20adenopathy%20without%20histological%20granuloma%2C%20negative%20screening%20for%20BK%2C%20a%20positive%20QuantiFERON-TB%5Cu2122%20test%2C%20and%20a%20positive%20intradermal%20tuberculin%20reaction.%20The%20clinical%20and%20radiological%20results%20militated%20in%20favour%20of%20disseminated%20tuberculosis.%20Combined%20therapy%20%28rifampicin%2C%20isoniazid%2C%20ethambutol%20and%20pyrazinamide%29%20together%20with%20clofazimine%20resulted%20in%20regression%20of%20both%20cutaneous%20and%20extra-cutaneous%20lesions.%20This%20rare%20co-infection%20combines%20leprosy%2C%20often%20present%20for%20several%20years%2C%20and%20tuberculosis%20%28usually%20pulmonary%29%20of%20subsequent%20onset.%20The%20pathophysiological%20hypothesis%20is%20that%20of%20cross-immunity%20%28with%20anti-TB%20immunity%20protecting%20against%20subsequent%20leprosy%20and%20vice%20versa%29%2C%20supported%20by%20the%20inverse%20correlation%20of%20the%20two%20levels%20of%20prevalence%20and%20by%20the%20protection%20afforded%20by%20tuberculosis%20vaccination.%20In%20most%20cases%2C%20treatment%20for%20TB%20and%20leprosy%20improves%20both%20diseases.%20Patients%20presenting%20leprosy%20should%20be%20screened%20for%20latent%20tuberculosis%20in%20order%20to%20avoid%20reactivation%2C%20particularly%20in%20cases%20where%20corticosteroid%20treatment%20is%20being%20given.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-12-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22fr%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.annder.2020.09.571%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220151-9638%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0151963820310188%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-03-10T10%3A59%3A52Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AYDHEMCY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Avanzi%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAvanzi%2C%20C.%2C%20L%26%23xE9%3Bcorch%26%23xE9%3B%2C%20E.%2C%20Rakotomalala%2C%20F.%20A.%2C%20Benjak%2C%20A.%2C%20Rapelanoro%20Rabenja%2C%20F.%2C%20Ramarozatovo%2C%20L.%20S.%2C%20Cauchoix%2C%20B.%2C%20Rakoto-Andrianarivelo%2C%20M.%2C%20Ti%26%23xF3%3B-Coma%2C%20M.%2C%20Leal-Calvo%2C%20T.%2C%20Busso%2C%20P.%2C%20Boy-R%26%23xF6%3Bttger%2C%20S.%2C%20Chauffour%2C%20A.%2C%20Rasamoelina%2C%20T.%2C%20Andrianarison%2C%20A.%2C%20Sendrasoa%2C%20F.%2C%20Spencer%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Singh%2C%20P.%2C%20Dashatwar%2C%20D.%20R.%2C%20Narang%2C%20R.%2C%20Berland%2C%20J.-L.%2C%20Jarlier%2C%20V.%2C%20Salgado%2C%20C.%20G.%2C%20Moraes%2C%20M.%20O.%2C%20Geluk%2C%20A.%2C%20Randrianantoandro%2C%20A.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%20and%20Cole%2C%20S.%20T.%20%282020%29.%20%3Cb%3EPopulation%20Genomics%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20Reveals%20a%20New%20Genotype%20in%20Madagascar%20and%20the%20Comoros%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Frontiers%20in%20Microbiology%20%3Ci%3E11%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20URL%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmicb.2020.00711%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmicb.2020.00711%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%5BAccessed%20March%202022%5D.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Population%20Genomics%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20Reveals%20a%20New%20Genotype%20in%20Madagascar%20and%20the%20Comoros%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charlotte%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Avanzi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22L%5Cu00e9corch%5Cu00e9%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fetra%20Angelot%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rakotomalala%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrej%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Benjak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fahafahantsoa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rapelanoro%20Rabenja%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lala%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ramarozatovo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bertrand%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cauchoix%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mala%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rakoto-Andrianarivelo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ti%5Cu00f3-Coma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thyago%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leal-Calvo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philippe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Busso%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefanie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boy-R%5Cu00f6ttger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aur%5Cu00e9lie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chauffour%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tahinamandrato%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasamoelina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andrianarison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fandresena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sendrasoa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Spencer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pushpendra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Singh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Digambar%20Ramchandra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dashatwar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rahul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Narang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jean-Luc%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berland%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vincent%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarlier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Claudio%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salgado%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Milton%20O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moraes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Annemieke%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Geluk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andriamira%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Randrianantoandro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stewart%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cole%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Human%20settlement%20of%20Madagascar%20traces%20back%20to%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20first%20millennium%20with%20the%20arrival%20of%20Austronesians%20from%20Southeast%20Asia%2C%20followed%20by%20migrations%20from%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East.%20Remains%20of%20these%20different%20cultural%2C%20genetic%2C%20and%20linguistic%20legacies%20are%20still%20present%20in%20Madagascar%20and%20other%20islands%20of%20the%20Indian%20Ocean.%20The%20close%20relationship%20between%20human%20migration%20and%20the%20introduction%20and%20spread%20of%20infectious%20diseases%2C%20a%20well-documented%20phenomenon%2C%20is%20particularly%20evident%20for%20the%20causative%20agent%20of%20leprosy%2C%20Mycobacterium%20leprae.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20used%20whole-genome%20sequencing%20%28WGS%29%20and%20molecular%20dating%20to%20characterize%20the%20genetic%20background%20and%20retrace%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20M.%20leprae%20strains%20circulating%20in%20Madagascar%20%28n%20%3D%2030%29%20and%20the%20Comoros%20%28n%20%3D%203%29%2C%20two%20islands%20where%20leprosy%20is%20still%20considered%20a%20public%20health%20problem%20and%20monitored%20as%20part%20of%20a%20drug%20resistance%20surveillance%20program.%20Most%20M.%20leprae%20strains%20%2897%25%29%20from%20Madagascar%20and%20Comoros%20belonged%20to%20a%20new%20genotype%20as%20part%20of%20branch%201%2C%20closely%20related%20to%20single%20nucleotide%20polymorphism%20%28SNP%29%20type%201D%2C%20named%201D-Malagasy.%20Other%20strains%20belonged%20to%20the%20genotype%201A%20%283%25%29.%20We%20sequenced%2039%20strains%20from%20nine%20other%20countries%2C%20which%2C%20together%20with%20previously%20published%20genomes%2C%20amounted%20to%20242%20genomes%20that%20were%20used%20for%20molecular%20dating.%20Specific%20SNP%20markers%20for%20the%20new%201D-Malagasy%20genotype%20were%20used%20to%20screen%20samples%20from%2011%20countries%20and%20revealed%20this%20genotype%20to%20be%20restricted%20to%20Madagascar%2C%20with%20the%20sole%20exception%20being%20a%20strain%20from%20Malawi.%20The%20overall%20analysis%20thus%20ruled%20out%20a%20possible%20introduction%20of%20leprosy%20by%20the%20Austronesian%20settlers%20and%20suggests%20a%20later%20origin%20from%20East%20Africa%2C%20the%20Middle%20East%2C%20or%20South%20Asia.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221664-302X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmicb.2020.00711%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-03-10T10%3A54%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2223X4SDIJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Baron%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBaron%2C%20V.%2C%20Forfait%2C%20C.%2C%20Colot%2C%20J.%2C%20Carzola%2C%20C.%2C%20Descloux%2C%20E.%2C%20Cauchoix%2C%20B.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%2C%20Gaumery%2C%20J.%2C%20Grangeon%2C%20J.%20and%20Klement%2C%20E.%20%282019%29.%20%3Cb%3E%26%23xC9%3Bpid%26%23xE9%3Bmiologie%20de%20la%20l%26%23xE8%3Bpre%20en%20Nouvelle-Cal%26%23xE9%3Bdonie%20de%201983%20%26%23xE0%3B%202017%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20BEH%20400%26%23x2013%3B405%2C%20URL%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.santepubliquefrance.fr%5C%2Fimport%5C%2Fepidemiologie-de-la-lepre-en-nouvelle-caledonie-de-1983-a-2017%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.santepubliquefrance.fr%5C%2Fimport%5C%2Fepidemiologie-de-la-lepre-en-nouvelle-caledonie-de-1983-a-2017%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%5BAccessed%20February%202022%5D.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22%5Cu00c9pid%5Cu00e9miologie%20de%20la%20l%5Cu00e8pre%20en%20Nouvelle-Cal%5Cu00e9donie%20de%201983%20%5Cu00e0%202017%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Violaine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Forfait%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Colot%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carzola%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Descloux%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cauchoix%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22JB%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gaumery%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22JP%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grangeon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klement%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%5Cu00c9pid%5Cu00e9miologie%20de%20la%20l%5Cu00e8pre%20en%20Nouvelle-Cal%5Cu00e9donie%5Cnde%201983%20%5Cu00e0%202017%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22fr%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.santepubliquefrance.fr%5C%2Fimport%5C%2Fepidemiologie-de-la-lepre-en-nouvelle-caledonie-de-1983-a-2017%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-03T06%3A54%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225DABHW8P%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cambau%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-12-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECambau%2C%20E.%2C%20Saunderson%2C%20P.%2C%20Matsuoka%2C%20M.%2C%20Cole%2C%20S.%20T.%2C%20Kai%2C%20M.%2C%20Suffys%2C%20P.%2C%20Rosa%2C%20P.%20S.%2C%20Williams%2C%20D.%2C%20Gupta%2C%20U.%20D.%2C%20Lavania%2C%20M.%2C%20Cardona-Castro%2C%20N.%2C%20Miyamoto%2C%20Y.%2C%20Hagge%2C%20D.%2C%20Srikantam%2C%20A.%2C%20Hongseng%2C%20W.%2C%20Indropo%2C%20A.%2C%20Vissa%2C%20V.%2C%20Johnson%2C%20R.%20C.%2C%20Cauchoix%2C%20B.%2C%20Pannikar%2C%20V.%20K.%2C%20Cooreman%2C%20E.%20a.%20W.%20D.%2C%20Pemmaraju%2C%20V.%20R.%20R.%2C%20Gillini%2C%20L.%2C%20Kriswamati%2C%20A.%2C%20Al-Samie%2C%20A.%20R.%2C%20Issoufou%2C%20A.%2C%20Tiendrebeogo%2C%20A.%2C%20Kingalu%2C%20A.%2C%20Randrianantoandro%2C%20A.%2C%20Kumar%2C%20A.%2C%20Chauffour%2C%20A.%2C%20Win%2C%20A.%20A.%2C%20Pandey%2C%20B.%2C%20Agrawal%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Widaningrum%2C%20C.%2C%20Schmotzer%2C%20C.%2C%20Kafando%2C%20C.%2C%20Bhandari%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Sema%2C%20C.%2C%20Vidanagama%2C%20D.%20S.%2C%20Scollard%2C%20D.%20M.%2C%20Beyene%2C%20D.%2C%20Morelo%2C%20E.%20F.%2C%20Kassa%2C%20E.%20D.%2C%20Ramarolahy%2C%20E.%20B.%2C%20Claco%2C%20E.%2C%20Villalon%2C%20E.%20E.%2C%20Sidibe%2C%20F.%2C%20Sakho%2C%20F.%2C%20Abdoulaye%2C%20F.%2C%20Guilengue%2C%20F.%20F.%2C%20Gajete%2C%20F.%2C%20Babu%2C%20G.%20R.%2C%20Moussa%2C%20G.%2C%20Thakur%2C%20G.%20D.%2C%20Cabanos%2C%20G.%2C%20Sock%2C%20G.%2C%20Clugston%2C%20G.%2C%20Zaidy%2C%20H.%2C%20Watanabe%2C%20H.%2C%20Kawuma%2C%20H.%20J.%2C%20Mallari%2C%20I.%20B.%2C%20Goulart%2C%20I.%20M.%20B.%2C%20Ahamed%2C%20I.%2C%20Subbanna%2C%20J.%2C%20Houzeo%2C%20J.%20G.%2C%20Luengu%2C%20J.%20N.%20M.%2C%20Bertolli%2C%20J.%2C%20Lloyd-Owen%2C%20J.%2C%20Matheu%2C%20J.%2C%20Brunelli%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20Alzate%2C%20J.%20C.%20B.%2C%20Neupane%2C%20Kapil%20Dev%2C%20Osuga%2C%20K.%2C%20Yamaguchi%2C%20K.%2C%20Azam%2C%20K.%2C%20Lin%2C%20K.%20M.%2C%20Momoudu%2C%20K.%2C%20Kyaw%2C%20K.%2C%20Bide%2C%20L.%2C%20Doanh%2C%20L.%20H.%2C%20My%2C%20L.%20H.%2C%20Shah%2C%20M.%2C%20Kodio%2C%20M.%2C%20Sidibe%2C%20M.%2C%20Ebenezer%2C%20M.%2C%20Grossi%2C%20M.%20A.%20de%20F.%2C%20Balagon%2C%20M.%20F.%2C%20Canlonon%2C%20M.%2C%20Makino%2C%20M.%2C%20Htoo%2C%20M.%20M.%2C%20Ahmed%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Nadine%2C%20M.-M.%2C%20Roferos%2C%20F.%20O.%2C%20Krismawati%2C%20H.%2C%20Thida%2C%20M.%2C%20Htoon%2C%20M.%20T.%2C%20Neupane%2C%20K.%20D.%2C%20Phuc%2C%20N.%20H.%20N.%2C%20Van%2C%20N.%20H.%2C%20Hai%2C%20N.%20P.%20N.%2C%20Ishii%2C%20N.%2C%20Soe%2C%20O.%2C%20Amiel%2C%20O.%2C%20Tossou%2C%20O.%2C%20Konare%2C%20O.%2C%20Joshi%2C%20P.%20L.%2C%20Rao%2C%20P.%20V.%20R.%2C%20Krishnamurthy%2C%20P.%2C%20Brennan%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Busso%2C%20P.%2C%20Bhatia%2C%20R.%2C%20Andrianarivelo%2C%20M.%20R.%2C%20Ramdas%2C%20D.%20R.%2C%20Chabi%2C%20R.%2C%20Gusmao%2C%20R.%2C%20DjupuriIzwardy%2C%20R.%2C%20Soares%2C%20R.%20C.%20F.%20R.%2C%20Jhadav%2C%20R.%2C%20Buhrer%2C%20S.%2C%20Cho%2C%20S.-N.%20R.%2C%20Jianping%2C%20S.%2C%20Lzumi%2C%20S.%2C%20Barua%2C%20S.%2C%20Chaitanya%2C%20S.%2C%20Tiendrebeogo%2C%20S.%20M.%20R.%2C%20Khang%2C%20T.%20H.%2C%20Gillis%2C%20T.%20P.%2C%20Mori%2C%20T.%2C%20Vijayalakshmi%2C%20V.%2C%20Kamara%2C%20V.%20D.%2C%20Wei%2C%20W.%2C%20Smith%2C%20W.%20C.%20S.%2C%20Li%2C%20W.%2C%20Lew%2C%20W.%2C%20Al-Qubati%2C%20Y.%2C%20Suzuki%2C%20Y.%20and%20Nanba%2C%20Y.%20%282018%29.%20%3Cb%3EAntimicrobial%20resistance%20in%20leprosy%3A%20results%20of%20the%20first%20prospective%20open%20survey%20conducted%20by%20a%20WHO%20surveillance%20network%20for%20the%20period%202009%26%23x2013%3B15%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Clinical%20Microbiology%20and%20Infection%20%3Ci%3E24%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%201305%26%23x2013%3B1310%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cmi.2018.02.022%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cmi.2018.02.022%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Antimicrobial%20resistance%20in%20leprosy%3A%20results%20of%20the%20first%20prospective%20open%20survey%20conducted%20by%20a%20WHO%20surveillance%20network%20for%20the%20period%202009%5Cu201315%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saunderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Matsuoka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cole%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kai%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Suffys%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Williams%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22U.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gupta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lavania%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cardona-Castro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miyamoto%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hagge%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Srikantam%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hongseng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Indropo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vissa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cauchoix%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pannikar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20a.%20W.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cooreman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%20R.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pemmaraju%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gillini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kriswamati%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abdul%20Rahim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Al-Samie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ahamed%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Issoufou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandre%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tiendrebeogo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22AmriMiraju%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kingalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andriamira%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Randrianantoandro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kumar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aurelie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chauffour%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aye%20Aye%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Win%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Basudev%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pandey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Agrawal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christiana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Widaningrum%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schmotzer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christophe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kafando%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chuda%20Mani%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bhandari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cynthia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sema%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vidanagama%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scollard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Demmissew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beyene%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eliane%20Faria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morelo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elizabeth%20Dizaneh%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kassa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Enerantien%20Benoit%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ramarolahy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eric%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Claco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ernesto%20ES%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Villalon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Famoussa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sidibe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fatoumata%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sakho%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fomba%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abdoulaye%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Francisco%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guilengue%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fransesca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gajete%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gadde%20Rajan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Babu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gado%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moussa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Garib%20Das%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thakur%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gemma%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cabanos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gouressi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Greame%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clugston%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hany%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zaidy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Haruo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Watanabe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Herman%20Joseph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kawuma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irene%20Balenton%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mallari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Isabella%20Maria%20Bernandes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goulart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Issoufou%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ahamed%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Subbanna%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jean%20Gabin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Houzeo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jean%20Norbert%20Mputu%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Luengu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeanne%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bertolli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jonathan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lloyd-Owen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jorge%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Matheu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jos%5Cu00e9%20Pereira%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brunelli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juan%20Camilo%20Beltran%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Alzate%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kapil%20Dev%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neupane%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katsunori%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Osuga%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kazuko%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yamaguchi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Khalid%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Azam%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Khin%20Maung%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kodia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Momoudu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kyaw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kyaw%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Landry%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bide%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Le%20Huu%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doanh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ley%20Huyen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22My%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mahesh%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mamadou%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kodio%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mamadou%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sidibe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mannam%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ebenezer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maria%20Aparecida%20de%20Faria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grossi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marivic%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balagon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marlience%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Canlonon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Masahiko%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Makino%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maung%20Maung%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Htoo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Md%20Jamsheed%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ahmed%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mintsey-mi-Makuth%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nadine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florenda%20Orcullo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roferos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krismawati%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thida%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Myo%20Thet%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Htoon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neupane%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nhu%20Ha%20Nguyen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Phuc%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22NguyenThi%20Hai%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ngyuen%20Phuc%20Nhu%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hai%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Norisha%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ishii%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Oke%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Soe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Olga%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Amiel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Omar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tossou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ousmane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Konare%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Joshi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20V.%20Ranganadha%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Padebettu%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krishnamurthy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patrick%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brennan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Phillipe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Busso%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rajesh%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bhatia%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mala%20Rakoto%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andrianarivelo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ramdas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Raoul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chabi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Renato%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gusmao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DjupuriIzwardy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rosa%20Castalia%20Franca%20Riberio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Soares%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rupendra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jhadav%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Samira%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buhrer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sang-Nae%20Ray%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cho%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jianping%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shinzo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lzumi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sumana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barua%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sundeep%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chaitanya%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sylvestre%20Marie%20Roget%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tiendrebeogo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tan%20Hau%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gillis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Toru%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mori%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vijayalakshmi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vedastus%20Deusdedit%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kamara%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wang%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wei%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20Cairn%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Woojin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lew%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yasin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Al-Qubati%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yasuhiko%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Suzuki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yoshio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nanba%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%3Ch2%3EAbstract%3C%5C%2Fh2%3E%3Ch3%3EObjectives%3C%5C%2Fh3%3E%3Cp%3EAntimicrobial%20resistance%20%28AMR%29%20is%20a%20priority%20for%20surveillance%20in%20bacterial%20infections.%20For%20leprosy%2C%20AMR%20has%20not%20been%20assessed%20because%20%3Ci%3EMycobacterium%20leprae%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20does%20not%20grow%20%3Ci%3Ein%20vitro%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20We%20aim%20to%20obtain%20AMR%20data%20using%20molecular%20detection%20of%20resistance%20genes%20and%20to%20conduct%20a%20prospective%20open%20survey%20of%20resistance%20to%20antileprosy%20drugs%20in%20countries%20where%20leprosy%20is%20endemic%20through%20a%20WHO%20surveillance%20network.%3C%5C%2Fp%3E%3Ch3%3EMethods%3C%5C%2Fh3%3E%3Cp%3EFrom%202009%20to%202015%2C%20multi-bacillary%20leprosy%20cases%20at%20sentinel%20sites%20of%2019%20countries%20were%20studied%20for%20resistance%20to%20rifampicin%2C%20dapsone%20and%20ofloxacin%20by%20PCR%20sequencing%20of%20the%20drug-resistance-determining%20regions%20of%20the%20genes%20%3Ci%3ErpoB%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3EfolP1%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20and%20%3Ci%3EgyrA%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%3C%5C%2Fp%3E%3Ch3%3EResults%3C%5C%2Fh3%3E%3Cp%3EAmong%201932%20%281143%20relapse%20and%20789%20new%29%20cases%20studied%2C%20154%20%288.0%25%29%20%3Ci%3EM.%20leprae%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20strains%20were%20found%20with%20mutations%20conferring%20resistance%20showing%20182%20resistance%20traits%20%2874%20for%20rifampicin%2C%2087%20for%20dapsone%20and%2021%20for%20ofloxacin%29.%20Twenty%20cases%20showed%20rifampicin%20and%20dapsone%20resistance%2C%20four%20showed%20ofloxacin%20and%20dapsone%20resistance%2C%20but%20no%20cases%20were%20resistant%20to%20rifampicin%20and%20ofloxacin.%20Rifampicin%20resistance%20was%20observed%20among%20relapse%20%2858%5C%2F1143%2C%205.1%25%29%20and%20new%20%2816%5C%2F789%2C%202.0%25%29%20cases%20in%2012%20countries.%20India%2C%20Brazil%20and%20Colombia%20reported%20more%20than%20five%20rifampicin-resistant%20cases.%3C%5C%2Fp%3E%3Ch3%3EConclusions%3C%5C%2Fh3%3E%3Cp%3EThis%20is%20the%20first%20study%20reporting%20global%20data%20on%20AMR%20in%20leprosy.%20Rifampicin%20resistance%20emerged%2C%20stressing%20the%20need%20for%20expansion%20of%20surveillance.%20This%20is%20also%20a%20call%20for%20vigilance%20on%20the%20global%20use%20of%20antimicrobial%20agents%2C%20because%20ofloxacin%20resistance%20probably%20developed%20in%20relation%20to%20the%20general%20intake%20of%20antibiotics%20for%20other%20infections%20as%20it%20is%20not%20part%20of%20the%20multidrug%20combination%20used%20to%20treat%20leprosy.%3C%5C%2Fp%3E%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F12%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.cmi.2018.02.022%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221198-743X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2FS1198-743X%2818%2930197-6%5C%2Fabstract%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-04-03T22%3A28%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XJTY4VYG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Chauffour%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-11-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A3%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EChauffour%2C%20A.%2C%20Lecorche%2C%20E.%2C%20Reibel%2C%20F.%2C%20Mougari%2C%20F.%2C%20Raskine%2C%20L.%2C%20Aubry%2C%20A.%2C%20Jarlier%2C%20V.%20and%20Cambau%2C%20E.%20%282018%29.%20%3Cb%3EProspective%20study%20on%20antimicrobial%20resistance%20in%20leprosy%20cases%20diagnosed%20in%20France%20from%202001%20to%202015%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Clinical%20Microbiology%20and%20Infection%20%3Ci%3E24%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%201213.e5-1213.e8%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cmi.2018.06.004%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cmi.2018.06.004%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Prospective%20study%20on%20antimicrobial%20resistance%20in%20leprosy%20cases%20diagnosed%20in%20France%20from%202001%20to%202015%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chauffour%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lecorche%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reibel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mougari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Raskine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aubry%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarlier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018-11-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.cmi.2018.06.004%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221198-743X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2FS1198-743X%2818%2930463-4%5C%2Ffulltext%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-03-12T08%3A27%3A34Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AILCSCWE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mieras%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-10-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMieras%2C%20L.%20F.%2C%20Taal%2C%20A.%20T.%2C%20van%20Brakel%2C%20W.%20H.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%2C%20Saunderson%2C%20P.%20R.%2C%20Smith%2C%20W.%20C.%20S.%2C%20Prakoeswa%2C%20C.%20R.%20S.%2C%20Astari%2C%20L.%2C%20Scollard%2C%20D.%20M.%2C%20do%20Nascimento%2C%20D.%20C.%2C%20Grosset%2C%20J.%2C%20Kar%2C%20H.%20K.%2C%20Izumi%2C%20S.%2C%20Gillini%2C%20L.%2C%20Virmond%2C%20M.%20C.%20L.%20and%20Sturkenboom%2C%20M.%20G.%20G.%20%282018%29.%20%3Cb%3EAn%20enhanced%20regimen%20as%20post-exposure%20chemoprophylaxis%20for%20leprosy%3A%20PEP%2B%2B%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20BMC%20Infectious%20Diseases%20%3Ci%3E18%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20506%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12879-018-3402-4%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12879-018-3402-4%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22An%20enhanced%20regimen%20as%20post-exposure%20chemoprophylaxis%20for%20leprosy%3A%20PEP%2B%2B%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Liesbeth%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mieras%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Taal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wim%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Brakel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saunderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20Cairns%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cita%20Rosita%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prakoeswa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Linda%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Astari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scollard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dejair%20Caitano%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22do%20Nascimento%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jacques%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hemanta%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shinzo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Izumi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laura%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gillini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marcos%20C.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Virmond%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marieke%20G.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sturkenboom%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20ongoing%20transmission%20of%20Mycobacterium%20%28M.%29%20leprae%20reflected%20in%20a%20very%20slow%20decline%20in%20leprosy%20incidence%2C%20forces%20us%20to%20be%20innovative%20and%20conduct%20cutting-edge%20research.%20Single%20dose%20rifampicin%20%28SDR%29%20as%20post-exposure%20prophylaxis%20%28PEP%29%20for%20contacts%20of%20leprosy%20patients%2C%20reduces%20their%20risk%20to%20develop%20leprosy%20by%2060%25.%20This%20is%20a%20promising%20new%20preventive%20measure%20that%20can%20be%20integrated%20into%20routine%20leprosy%20control%20programmes%2C%20as%20is%20being%20demonstrated%20in%20the%20Leprosy%20Post-Exposure%20Programme%20that%20is%20currently%20ongoing%20in%20eight%20countries.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22October%205%2C%202018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12879-018-3402-4%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221471-2334%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12879-018-3402-4%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-04-03T22%3A26%3A45Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Q5DCBVM4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cambau%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECambau%2C%20E.%20%282018%29.%20%3Cb%3EAntileprosy%20drugs%3A%20mode%20of%20action%20and%20mechanisms%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20In%3A%20%3Cb%3EInternational%20textbook%20of%20leprosy%3C%5C%2Fb%3E%2C%20URL%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Finternationaltextbookofleprosy.org%5C%2Fchapter%5C%2Fanti-leprosy-drugs-modes-action-and-mechanisms-resistance-mycobacterium-leprae%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Finternationaltextbookofleprosy.org%5C%2Fchapter%5C%2Fanti-leprosy-drugs-modes-action-and-mechanisms-resistance-mycobacterium-leprae%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%5BAccessed%20May%202022%5D.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Antileprosy%20drugs%3A%20mode%20of%20action%20and%20mechanisms%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22International%20textbook%20of%20leprosy%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Finternationaltextbookofleprosy.org%5C%2Fchapter%5C%2Fanti-leprosy-drugs-modes-action-and-mechanisms-resistance-mycobacterium-leprae%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-05-16T15%3A24%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Q4ZJ4XZI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Machado%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMachado%2C%20D.%2C%20Lecorche%2C%20E.%2C%20Mougari%2C%20F.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%20and%20Viveiros%2C%20M.%20%282018%29.%20%3Cb%3EInsights%20on%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20Efflux%20Pumps%20and%20Their%20Implications%20in%20Drug%20Resistance%20and%20Virulence%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Front%20Microbiol%20%3Ci%3E9%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmicb.2018.03072%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmicb.2018.03072%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Insights%20on%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20Efflux%20Pumps%20and%20Their%20Implications%20in%20Drug%20Resistance%20and%20Virulence%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Diana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Machado%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lecorche%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Faiza%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mougari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miguel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Viveiros%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Drug%20resistance%20in%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20is%20assumed%20to%20be%20due%20to%20genetic%20alterations%20in%20the%20drug%20targets%20and%20reduced%20cell%20wall%20permeability.%20However%2C%20as%20observed%20in%20Mycobacterium%20tuberculosis%2C%20drug%20resistance%20may%20also%20result%20from%20the%20overactivity%20of%20efflux%20systems%2C%20which%20is%20mostly%20unexplored.%20In%20this%20perspective%2C%20we%20discuss%20known%20efflux%20pumps%20involved%20in%20M.%20tuberculosis%20drug%20resistance%20and%20virulence%20and%20investigate%20similar%20regions%20in%20the%20genome%20of%20M.%20leprae.%20In%20silico%20analysis%20reveals%20that%20the%20major%20M.%20tuberculosis%20efflux%20pumps%20known%20to%20be%20associated%20with%20drug%20resistance%20and%20virulence%20have%20been%20retained%20during%20the%20reductive%20evolutionary%20process%20that%20M.%20leprae%20underwent%2C%20e.g.%2C%20RND%20superfamily%2C%20the%20ABC%20transporter%20BacA%2C%20and%20the%20MFS%20P55.%20However%2C%20some%20are%20absent%20%28DinF%2C%20MATE%29%20while%20others%20are%20derepressed%20%28Mmr%2C%20SMR%29%20in%20M.%20leprae%20reflecting%20the%20specific%20environment%20where%20M.%20leprae%20may%20live.%20The%20occurrence%20of%20several%20multidrug%20resistance%20efflux%20transporters%20shared%20between%20M.%20leprae%20and%20M.%20tuberculosis%20reveals%20potential%20implications%20in%20drug%20resistance%20and%20virulence.%20The%20conservation%20of%20the%20described%20efflux%20systems%20in%20M.%20leprae%20upon%20genome%20reduction%20indicates%20that%20these%20systems%20are%20potentially%20required%20for%20its%20intracellular%20survival%20and%20lifestyle.%20They%20potentially%20are%20involved%20in%20M.%20leprae%20drug%20resistance%2C%20which%20could%20hamper%20leprosy%20treatment%20success.%20Studying%20M.%20leprae%20efflux%20pumps%20as%20new%20drug%20targets%20is%20useful%20for%20future%20leprosy%20therapeutics%2C%20enhancing%20the%20global%20efforts%20to%20eradicate%20endemic%20leprosy%20and%20prevent%20the%20emergence%20of%20drug%20resistance%20in%20afflicted%20countries.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffmicb.2018.03072%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221664-302X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmicb.2018.03072%5C%2Ffull%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-04-03T22%3A23%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22W49YLEFB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Andre%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-03-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A3%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAndre%2C%20E.%2C%20Goeminne%2C%20L.%2C%20Cabibbe%2C%20A.%2C%20Beckert%2C%20P.%2C%20Mukadi%2C%20B.%20K.%2C%20Mathys%2C%20V.%2C%20Gagneux%2C%20S.%2C%20Niemann%2C%20S.%2C%20Ingen%2C%20J.%20V.%20and%20Cambau%2C%20E.%20%282017%29.%20%3Cb%3EConsensus%20numbering%20system%20for%20the%20rifampicin%20resistance-associated%20rpoB%20gene%20mutations%20in%20pathogenic%20mycobacteria%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Clinical%20Microbiology%20and%20Infection%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20167%26%23x2013%3B172%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cmi.2016.09.006%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cmi.2016.09.006%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Consensus%20numbering%20system%20for%20the%20rifampicin%20resistance-associated%20rpoB%20gene%20mutations%20in%20pathogenic%20mycobacteria%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andre%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goeminne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cabibbe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beckert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20Kabamba%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mukadi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mathys%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gagneux%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Niemann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20Van%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ingen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017-03-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.cmi.2016.09.006%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221198-743X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2FS1198-743X%2816%2930393-7%5C%2Ffulltext%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-03-12T09%3A40%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JYLD7TLG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Raharolahy%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-08-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERaharolahy%2C%20O.%2C%20Ramarozatovo%2C%20L.%20S.%2C%20Ranaivo%2C%20I.%20M.%2C%20Sendrasoa%2C%20F.%20A.%2C%20Andrianarison%2C%20M.%2C%20Andrianarivelo%2C%20M.%20R.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%20and%20Rabenja%2C%20F.%20R.%20%282016%29.%20%3Cb%3EA%20Case%20of%20Fluoroquinolone-Resistant%20Leprosy%20Discovered%20after%209%20Years%20of%20Misdiagnosis%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Case%20Reports%20in%20Infectious%20Diseases%20%3Ci%3E2016%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%204632369%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1155%5C%2F2016%5C%2F4632369%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1155%5C%2F2016%5C%2F4632369%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20Case%20of%20Fluoroquinolone-Resistant%20Leprosy%20Discovered%20after%209%20Years%20of%20Misdiagnosis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Onivola%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Raharolahy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lala%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ramarozatovo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irina%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ranaivo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fandresena%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sendrasoa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Malalaniaina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andrianarison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mala%20Rakoto%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andrianarivelo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fahafahantsoa%20Rapelanoro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rabenja%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20report%20a%20case%20of%20misdiagnosed%20leprosy%20in%20a%2021-year-old%20Malagasy%20male%2C%20who%2C%20improperly%20treated%2C%20developed%20secondary%20mycobacterial%20resistance%20to%20fluoroquinolone.%20The%20patient%20contracted%20the%20infection%209%20years%20prior%20to%20the%20current%20consultation%2C%20displaying%20on%20the%20right%20thigh%20a%20single%20papulonodular%20lesion%2C%20which%20progressively%20spread%20to%20the%20lower%20leg%2C%20back%2C%20and%20face.%20Initial%20administration%20of%20ciprofloxacin%20and%20prednisolone%20led%20to%20temporary%20and%20fluctuating%20improvement.%20Subsequent%20long-term%20self-medication%20with%20ciprofloxacin%20and%20corticosteroid%20did%20not%20heal%20the%20foul%20and%20nonhealing%20ulcers%20on%20the%20legs%20and%20under%20the%20right%20sole.%20Histopathological%20findings%20were%20compatible%20with%20lepromatous%20leprosy.%20Skin%20biopsy%20was%20positive%20for%20acid-fast%20bacilli%20and%20PCR%20assay%20confirmed%20the%20presence%20of%20a%20fluoroquinolone-resistant%20strain%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20%28gyrA%20A91V%29.%20After%206%20months%20of%20standard%20regimen%20with%20rifampicin%2C%20clofazimine%2C%20and%20dapsone%2C%20clinical%20outcome%20significantly%20improved.%20Clinical%20characteristics%20and%20possible%20epidemiological%20implications%20are%20discussed.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016-08-07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1155%5C%2F2016%5C%2F4632369%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222090-6625%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.hindawi.com%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fcriid%5C%2F2016%5C%2F4632369%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-03-11T23%3A32%3A17Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2296NQCXTI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mieras%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-06-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMieras%2C%20L.%2C%20Anthony%2C%20R.%2C%20van%20Brakel%2C%20W.%2C%20Bratschi%2C%20M.%20W.%2C%20van%20den%20Broek%2C%20J.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%2C%20Cavaliero%2C%20A.%2C%20Kasang%2C%20C.%2C%20Perera%2C%20G.%2C%20Reichman%2C%20L.%2C%20Richardus%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Saunderson%2C%20P.%2C%20Steinmann%2C%20P.%20and%20Yew%2C%20W.%20W.%20%282016%29.%20%3Cb%3ENegligible%20risk%20of%20inducing%20resistance%20in%20Mycobacterium%20tuberculosis%20with%20single-dose%20rifampicin%20as%20post-exposure%20prophylaxis%20for%20leprosy%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Infectious%20Diseases%20of%20Poverty%20%3Ci%3E5%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2046%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs40249-016-0140-y%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs40249-016-0140-y%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Negligible%20risk%20of%20inducing%20resistance%20in%20Mycobacterium%20tuberculosis%20with%20single-dose%20rifampicin%20as%20post-exposure%20prophylaxis%20for%20leprosy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Liesbeth%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mieras%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anthony%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Brakel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bratschi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jacques%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20den%20Broek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Arielle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cavaliero%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kasang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Geethal%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perera%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lee%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reichman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jan%20Hendrik%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Richardus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saunderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steinmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wing%20Wai%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yew%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Post-exposure%20prophylaxis%20%28PEP%29%20for%20leprosy%20is%20administered%20as%20one%20single%20dose%20of%20rifampicin%20%28SDR%29%20to%20the%20contacts%20of%20newly%20diagnosed%20leprosy%20patients.%20SDR%20reduces%20the%20risk%20of%20developing%20leprosy%20among%20contacts%20by%20around%2060%5Cu00a0%25%20in%20the%20first%202%5Cu20133%20years%20after%20receiving%20SDR.%20In%20countries%20where%20SDR%20is%20currently%20being%20implemented%20under%20routine%20programme%20conditions%20in%20defined%20areas%2C%20questions%20were%20raised%20by%20health%20authorities%20and%20professional%20bodies%20about%20the%20possible%20risk%20of%20inducing%20rifampicin%20resistance%20among%20the%20M.%20tuberculosis%20strains%20circulating%20in%20these%20areas.%20This%20issue%20has%20not%20been%20addressed%20in%20scientific%20literature%20to%20date.%20To%20produce%20an%20authoritative%20consensus%20statement%20about%20the%20risk%20that%20SDR%20would%20induce%20rifampicin-resistant%20tuberculosis%2C%20a%20meeting%20was%20convened%20with%20tuberculosis%20%28TB%29%20and%20leprosy%20experts.%20The%20experts%20carefully%20reviewed%20and%20discussed%20the%20available%20evidence%20regarding%20the%20mechanisms%20and%20risk%20factors%20for%20the%20development%20of%20%28multi%29%20drug-resistance%20in%20M.%20tuberculosis%20with%20a%20view%20to%20the%20special%20situation%20of%20the%20use%20of%20SDR%20as%20PEP%20for%20leprosy.%20They%20concluded%20that%20SDR%20given%20to%20contacts%20of%20leprosy%20patients%2C%20in%20the%20absence%20of%20symptoms%20of%20active%20TB%2C%20poses%20a%20negligible%20risk%20of%20generating%20resistance%20in%20M.%20tuberculosis%20in%20individuals%20and%20at%20the%20population%20level.%20Thus%2C%20the%20benefits%20of%20SDR%20prophylaxis%20in%20reducing%20the%20risk%20of%20developing%20leprosy%20in%20contacts%20of%20new%20leprosy%20patients%20far%20outweigh%20the%20risks%20of%20generating%20drug%20resistance%20in%20M.%20tuberculosis.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22June%208%2C%202016%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs40249-016-0140-y%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222049-9957%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs40249-016-0140-y%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222017-08-02T16%3A18%3A45Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22U4GH9AVW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Reibel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-10-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EReibel%2C%20F.%2C%20Chauffour%2C%20A.%2C%20Brossier%2C%20F.%2C%20Jarlier%2C%20V.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%20and%20Aubry%2C%20A.%20%282015%29.%20%3Cb%3ENew%20Insights%20into%20the%20Geographic%20Distribution%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20SNP%20Genotypes%20Determined%20for%20Isolates%20from%20Leprosy%20Cases%20Diagnosed%20in%20Metropolitan%20France%20and%20French%20Territories%3C%5C%2Fb%3E%20Ed.%20Johnson%2C%20C.%20PLOS%20Neglected%20Tropical%20Diseases%20%3Ci%3E9%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20e0004141%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0004141%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0004141%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22New%20Insights%20into%20the%20Geographic%20Distribution%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20SNP%20Genotypes%20Determined%20for%20Isolates%20from%20Leprosy%20Cases%20Diagnosed%20in%20Metropolitan%20France%20and%20French%20Territories%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florence%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reibel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aur%5Cu00e9lie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chauffour%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florence%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brossier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vincent%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarlier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aubry%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-10-6%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0004141%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221935-2735%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdx.plos.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0004141%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-03-26T17%3A54%3A10Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EIHIVTCZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Reibel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EReibel%2C%20F.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%20and%20Aubry%2C%20A.%20%282015%29.%20%3Cb%3EUpdate%20on%20the%20epidemiology%2C%20diagnosis%2C%20and%20treatment%20of%20leprosy%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20M%26%23xE9%3Bdecine%20et%20Maladies%20Infectieuses%20%3Ci%3E45%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20383%26%23x2013%3B393%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.medmal.2015.09.002%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.medmal.2015.09.002%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Update%20on%20the%20epidemiology%2C%20diagnosis%2C%20and%20treatment%20of%20leprosy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reibel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aubry%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Leprosy%20is%20an%20infectious%20disease%20that%20has%20now%20been%20reported%20for%20more%20than%202000%20years.%20The%20leprosy%20elimination%20goal%20set%20by%20the%20World%20Health%20Organization%20%28WHO%29%2C%20i.e.%20a%20global%20prevalence%20rate%20%3C%201%20patient%20per%2010%2C000%20population%2C%20was%20achieved%20in%20the%20year%202000%2C%20but%20more%20than%20200%2C000%20new%20case%20patients%20are%20still%20reported%20each%20year%2C%20particularly%20in%20India%2C%20Brazil%2C%20and%20Indonesia.%20Leprosy%20is%20a%20specific%20infection%3A%20%28i%29%20it%20is%20a%20chronic%20infection%20primarily%20affecting%20the%20skin%20and%20peripheral%20nerves%2C%20%28ii%29%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20is%20one%20of%20the%20last%20bacterial%20species%20of%20medical%20interest%20that%20cannot%20be%20cultured%20in%20vitro%20%28mainly%20because%20of%20its%20reductive%20genome%20evolution%29%2C%20and%20%28iii%29%20transmission%20and%20pathophysiological%20data%20is%20still%20limited.%20The%20various%20presentations%20of%20the%20disease%20%28Ridley-Jopling%20and%20WHO%20classifications%29%20are%20correlated%20with%20the%20patient%27s%20immune%20response%2C%20bacillary%20load%2C%20and%20by%20the%20delay%20before%20diagnosis.%20Multidrug%20therapy%20%28dapsone%2C%20rifampicin%2C%20with%20or%20without%20clofazimine%29%20has%20been%20recommended%20since%201982%20as%20the%20standard%20treatment%20of%20leprosy%3B%206%20months%20for%20patients%20presenting%20with%20paucibacillary%20leprosy%20and%2012%20months%20for%20patients%20presenting%20with%20multibacillary%20leprosy.%20The%20worldwide%20use%20of%20leprosy%20drugs%20started%20in%20the%201980s%20and%20their%20free%20access%20since%201995%20contributed%20to%20the%20drastic%20decline%20in%20the%20number%20of%20new%20case%20patients.%20Resistant%20strains%20are%20however%20emerging%20despite%20the%20use%20of%20multidrug%20therapy%3B%20identifying%20and%20monitoring%20resistance%20is%20still%20necessary.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22septembre%202015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.medmal.2015.09.002%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220399-077X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0399077X1500181X%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222017-08-02T16%3A28%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SVWG3WRG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Reibel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EReibel%2C%20F.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%20and%20Aubry%2C%20A.%20%282015%29.%20%3Cb%3EHistoire%20et%20actualit%26%23xE9%3B%20du%20traitement%20de%20la%20l%26%23xE8%3Bpre%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Journal%20des%20Anti-Infectieux%20%3Ci%3E17%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2091%26%23x2013%3B98%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.antinf.2015.01.004%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.antinf.2015.01.004%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Histoire%20et%20actualit%5Cu00e9%20du%20traitement%20de%20la%20l%5Cu00e8pre%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florence%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reibel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aubry%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Histoire%20et%20actualit%5Cu00e9%20du%20traitement%20de%20la%20l%5Cu00e8pre%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.antinf.2015.01.004%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.em-consulte.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F1008047%5C%2Fhistoire-et-actualite-du-traitement-de-la-lepre%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-04-01T16%3A22%3A50Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HRKPMGKG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Veziris%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-11-14%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EVeziris%2C%20N.%2C%20Chauffour%2C%20A.%2C%20Escolano%2C%20S.%2C%20Henquet%2C%20S.%2C%20Matsuoka%2C%20M.%2C%20Jarlier%2C%20V.%20and%20Aubry%2C%20A.%20%282013%29.%20%3Cb%3EResistance%20of%20M.%20leprae%20to%20Quinolones%3A%20A%20Question%20of%20Relativity%3F%3C%5C%2Fb%3E%20PLoS%20Negl%20Trop%20Dis%20%3Ci%3E7%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20e2559%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0002559%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0002559%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Resistance%20of%20M.%20leprae%20to%20Quinolones%3A%20A%20Question%20of%20Relativity%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicolas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veziris%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aurelie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chauffour%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sylvie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Escolano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henquet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Masanori%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Matsuoka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vincent%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarlier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aubry%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Author%20SummaryAlthough%20there%20is%20efficient%20multidrug%20therapy%20to%20cure%20leprosy%2C%20the%20transmission%20of%20M.%20leprae%20is%20still%20active%2C%20leading%20to%20219%2C000%20new%20cases%20in%202011.%20Drug%20resistant%20leprosy%20has%20been%20described%20and%20may%20prevent%20eradication%20of%20the%20disease%2C%20notably%20multidrug%20resistant%20defined%20as%20resistance%20to%20rifampin%2C%20dapsone%20and%20fluoroquinolones%20%28FQ%29.%20Resistance%20to%20FQ%20is%20due%20to%20mutations%20in%20DNA%20gyrase.%20We%20used%20a%20mouse%20model%20to%20measure%20the%20impact%20of%20DNA%20gyrase%20mutations%20on%20in%20vivo%20FQ%20activity.%20All%20the%20FQ%20tested%20showed%20in%20vivo%20activity%20against%20the%20mutant%20tested%20%28A91V%20mutant%20in%20subunit%20A%20of%20DNA%20gyrase%29.%20However%2C%20whereas%20ofloxacin%20was%20less%20active%20than%20the%20control%20treatment%20clarithromycin%2C%20it%20appeared%20that%20latter%20generation%20fluoroquinolones%20moxifloxacin%20and%20garenoxacin%20were%20as%20active%20as%20clarithromycin.%20Our%20results%20demonstrate%20that%20DNA%20gyrase%20mutation%20is%20not%20synonymous%20of%20total%20lack%20of%20in%20vivo%20FQ%20activity%20against%20M.%20leprae.%20Therefore%2C%20as%20for%20M.%20tuberculosis%2C%20in%20vivo%20studies%20are%20mandatory%20in%20order%20to%20measure%20the%20impact%20of%20DNA%20gyrase%20mutations%20on%20treatment%20efficacy%20against%20M.%20leprae.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22November%2014%2C%202013%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0002559%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdx.doi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0002559%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-07-20T16%3A28%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SI3UU2U6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gomez%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-02-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGomez%2C%20C.%2C%20Ponien%2C%20P.%2C%20Serradji%2C%20N.%2C%20Lamouri%2C%20A.%2C%20Pantel%2C%20A.%2C%20Capton%2C%20E.%2C%20Jarlier%2C%20V.%2C%20Anquetin%2C%20G.%20and%20Aubry%2C%20A.%20%282013%29.%20%3Cb%3ESynthesis%20of%20gatifloxacin%20derivatives%20and%20their%20biological%20activities%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20and%20Mycobacterium%20tuberculosis%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Bioorganic%20%26amp%3B%20Medicinal%20Chemistry%20%3Ci%3E21%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20948%26%23x2013%3B956%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.bmc.2012.12.011%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.bmc.2012.12.011%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Synthesis%20of%20gatifloxacin%20derivatives%20and%20their%20biological%20activities%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20and%20Mycobacterium%20tuberculosis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Catherine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gomez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Prishila%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ponien%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nawal%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Serradji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aazdine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lamouri%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alix%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pantel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Estelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Capton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vincent%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarlier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Guillaume%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anquetin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aubry%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Novel%203%5Cu2032-piperazinyl%20derivatives%20of%20the%208-hydrogeno%20and%208-methoxy-6-fluoro-1-cyclopropyl-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic%20acid%20scaffolds%20were%20designed%2C%20synthesized%20and%20characterized%20by%201H%2C%2013C%20and%2019F%20NMR%2C%20and%20HRMS.%20The%20activity%20of%20these%20derivatives%20against%20pathogenic%20mycobacteria%20%28M.%20leprae%20and%20M.%20tuberculosis%29%2C%20wild-type%20%28WT%29%20strains%20or%20strains%20harboring%20mutations%20implicated%20in%20quinolone%20resistance%2C%20were%20determined%20by%20measuring%20drug%20concentrations%20inhibiting%20cell%20growth%20%28MIC%29%20and%5C%2For%20DNA%20supercoiling%20by%20DNA%20gyrase%20%28IC50%29%2C%20or%20inducing%2025%25%20DNA%20cleavage%20by%20DNA%20gyrase%20%28CC25%29.%20Compound%204%20%28with%20a%20methoxy%20in%20R8%20and%20a%20secondary%20carbamate%20in%20R3%5Cu2032%29%20and%20compound%205%20%28with%20a%20hydrogen%20in%20R8%20and%20an%20ethyl%20ester%20in%20R3%5Cu2032%29%20displayed%20biological%20activities%20close%20to%20those%20of%20ofloxacin%20but%20inferior%20to%20those%20of%20gatifloxacin%20and%20moxifloxacin%20against%20M.%20tuberculosis%20and%20M.%20leprae%20WT%20DNA%20gyrases%2C%20whereas%20all%20of%20the%20compounds%20were%20less%20active%20in%20inhibiting%20M.%20tuberculosis%20growth%20and%20M.%20leprae%20mutant%20DNA%20gyrases.%20Since%20R3%5Cu2032%20substitutions%20have%20been%20poorly%20investigated%20previously%2C%20our%20results%20may%20help%20to%20design%20new%20quinolone%20derivatives%20in%20the%20future.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22February%2015%2C%202013%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.bmc.2012.12.011%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220968-0896%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0968089612009728%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-26T18%3A04%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22U272CXV3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cambau%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-07-31%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECambau%2C%20E.%2C%20Chauffour-Nevejans%2C%20A.%2C%20Tejmar-Kolar%2C%20L.%2C%20Matsuoka%2C%20M.%20and%20Jarlier%2C%20V.%20%282012%29.%20%3Cb%3EDetection%20of%20Antibiotic%20Resistance%20in%20Leprosy%20Using%20GenoType%20LepraeDR%2C%20a%20Novel%20Ready-To-Use%20Molecular%20Test%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20PLoS%20Negl%20Trop%20Dis%20%3Ci%3E6%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20e1739%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0001739%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0001739%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Detection%20of%20Antibiotic%20Resistance%20in%20Leprosy%20Using%20GenoType%20LepraeDR%2C%20a%20Novel%20Ready-To-Use%20Molecular%20Test%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aur%5Cu00e9lie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chauffour-Nevejans%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Liana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tejmar-Kolar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Masanori%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Matsuoka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vincent%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarlier%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Author%20SummaryAlthough%20leprosy%20is%20a%20curable%20disease%20using%20a%20combination%20of%20antibiotics%20for%20one%20year%2C%20the%20transmission%20is%20still%20active%20with%20230%2C000%20new%20cases%20in%202010.%20Drug%20resistance%20has%20been%20described%20and%20may%20prevent%20eradication%20of%20the%20disease.%20The%20infectious%20agent%20causing%20leprosy%2C%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%2C%20is%20not%20growing%20in%20vitro%20and%20antibiotic%20susceptibility%20testing%20is%20possible%20only%20in%20the%20mouse%20footpad%20model%20that%20requires%20a%20one%20year%20experiment.%20Consequently%20this%20testing%20is%20rarely%20done%20and%20antibiotic%20resistance%20rates%20in%20leprosy%20are%20unknown.%20This%20is%20the%20reason%20why%20we%20endeavored%20to%20set%20a%20new%20diagnosis%20test%20that%20detects%20for%20antibiotic%20resistance%20in%20M.%20leprae.%20The%20test%20is%20based%20on%20the%20method%20of%20a%20DNA%20strip%20test%20with%20a%20multiplex%20PCR%20followed%20by%20reverse%20hybridization.%20It%20was%20developed%20as%20an%20easy-to-use%20test%20and%20it%20will%20be%20available%20in%20endemic%20countries%2C%20where%20these%20kinds%20of%20strip%20tests%20are%20already%20used%20for%20detection%20of%20drug%20resistance%20in%20tuberculosis.%20The%20results%20of%20the%20new%20test%2C%20Genotype%20LepraeDR%2C%20performed%20on%20120%20M.%20leprae%20strains%20were%20concordant%20with%20those%20of%20the%20standard%20PCR%20sequencing%20and%20mouse%20footpad%20susceptibility%20testing.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22July%2031%2C%202012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0001739%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdx.doi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pntd.0001739%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-26T18%3A04%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WMVT7G3P%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Matrat%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMatrat%2C%20S.%2C%20Cambau%2C%20E.%2C%20Jarlier%2C%20V.%20and%20Aubry%2C%20A.%20%282008%29.%20%3Cb%3EAre%20All%20the%20DNA%20Gyrase%20Mutations%20Found%20in%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20Clinical%20Strains%20Involved%20in%20Resistance%20to%20Fluoroquinolones%3F%3C%5C%2Fb%3E%20Antimicrob%20Agents%20Chemother%20%3Ci%3E52%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20745%26%23x2013%3B747%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1128%5C%2FAAC.01095-07%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1128%5C%2FAAC.01095-07%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Are%20All%20the%20DNA%20Gyrase%20Mutations%20Found%20in%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20Clinical%20Strains%20Involved%20in%20Resistance%20to%20Fluoroquinolones%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22St%5Cu00e9phanie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Matrat%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emmanuelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cambau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vincent%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarlier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aubry%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Mycobacterium%20leprae%20DNA%20gyrases%20carrying%20various%20mutations%2C%20previously%20described%20in%20clinical%20strains%2C%20were%20investigated%20for%20quinolone%20susceptibility%20by%20inhibition%20of%20supercoiling%20and%20DNA%20cleavage%20promotion.%20We%20demonstrated%20that%20the%20gyrA%20mutations%20leading%20to%20G89C%20or%20A91V%20confer%20fluoroquinolone%20resistance%20whereas%20the%20gyrB%20mutation%20leading%20to%20D205N%20does%20not.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222008-2%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1128%5C%2FAAC.01095-07%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220066-4804%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC2224767%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222013-09-09T15%3A50%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AHCMHUDU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Honor%5Cu00e9%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHonor%26%23xE9%3B%2C%20N.%2C%20Roche%2C%20P.%20W.%2C%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20H.%20and%20Cole%2C%20S.%20T.%20%282001%29.%20%3Cb%3EA%20method%20for%20rapid%20detection%20of%20rifampicin-resistant%20isolates%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Lepr%20Rev%20%3Ci%3E72%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20441%26%23x2013%3B448%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5935%5C%2F0305-7518.20010052%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5935%5C%2F0305-7518.20010052%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20method%20for%20rapid%20detection%20of%20rifampicin-resistant%20isolates%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Honor%5Cu00e9%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roche%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cole%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20genotypic%20method%20for%20predicting%20rifampicin%20resistance%20in%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20has%20been%20developed%20and%20rigorously%20tested%20on%20mouse%20footpad-derived%20and%20clinical%20specimens.%20A%20series%20of%20immobilized%20oligonucleotide%20capture%20probes%20can%20discriminate%20between%20wild%20type%20and%20mutant%20rpoB%20alleles%2C%20and%20positive%20controls%20are%20available%20for%20the%20most%20frequent%20mutation%20affecting%20Ser425.%20Two%20different%20non-radioactive%20detection%20formats%20have%20been%20tested%20with%20comparable%20success%20in%20both%20an%20industrialized%20and%20a%20developing%20country.%20The%20standardized%20procedure%20could%20now%20be%20used%20in%20a%20prospective%20study%20of%20potential%20rifampicin%20resistance%20among%20multibacillary%20patients.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001-12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5935%5C%2F0305-7518.20010052%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220305-7518%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-04-03T17%3A06%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GAGYYWQ4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Grosset%20and%20Cole%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGrosset%2C%20J.%20H.%20and%20Cole%2C%20S.%20T.%20%282001%29.%20%3Cb%3EGenomics%20and%20the%20chemotherapy%20of%20leprosy%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Lepr%20Rev%20%3Ci%3E72%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20429%26%23x2013%3B440%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5935%5C%2F0305-7518.20010051%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5935%5C%2F0305-7518.20010051%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Genomics%20and%20the%20chemotherapy%20of%20leprosy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cole%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20information%20deduced%20from%20the%20genome%20sequence%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20is%20of%20immense%20value%20for%20the%20chemotherapy%20of%20leprosy.%20Knowing%20the%20complete%20set%20of%20genes%2C%20enzymes%20and%20proteins%20allows%20us%20to%20understand%20why%20some%20drugs%20are%20without%20effect%20whereas%20others%20are%20fully%20active.%20It%20may%20also%20enable%20better%20use%20to%20be%20made%20of%20existing%20drugs%2C%20such%20as%20beta-lactams%2C%20and%20opens%20new%20avenues%20for%20the%20development%20of%20novel%20compounds.%20M.%20leprae%20is%20relatively%20susceptible%20to%20a%20wide%20range%20of%20drugs%2C%20unlike%20the%20highly%20related%20tubercle%20bacillus%2C%20and%20several%20new%20multidrug%20regimens%20are%20in%20clinical%20trials.%20Genomics%20provides%20a%20number%20of%20possible%20explanations%20for%20this%20broader%20susceptibility%20as%20some%20of%20the%20genes%20encoding%20enzymes%20involved%20in%20antibiotic%20inactivation%20have%20decayed%20whereas%20the%20number%20of%20transporters%20available%20to%20contribute%20to%20drug%20efflux%20is%20considerably%20lower%20than%20in%20Mycobacterium%20tuberculosis.%20Several%20leads%20for%20new%20drug%20targets%20have%20been%20uncovered.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001-12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5935%5C%2F0305-7518.20010051%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220305-7518%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-04-03T17%3A06%3A13Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QJIJTKPC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Grosset%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGrosset%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282001%29.%20%3Cb%3ENewer%20drugs%20in%20leprosy%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Int%20J%20Lepr%20Other%20Mycobact%20Dis%20%3Ci%3E69%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20S14-18.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Newer%20drugs%20in%20leprosy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22During%20the%20last%2015%20years%2C%20new%20drugs%20active%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20have%20been%20identified.%20All%20of%20them%20belong%20to%20the%20fluoroquinolone%2C%20cycline%20and%20macrolide%20drug%20families.%20In%20the%20mouse%20model%20and%20in%20humans%2C%20minocycline%2C%20ofloxacin%2C%20and%20clarithromycin%20have%20demonstrated%2C%20individually%20or%20in%20combination%2C%20antileprosy%20activities%20much%20superior%20to%20those%20of%20the%20standard%20drugs%20dapsone%20and%20clofazimine.%20In%20humans%2C%20a%20single%20dose%20of%20the%20combination%20ofloxacin%20400%20mg%20%2B%20minocycline%20100%20mg%20was%20able%20to%20kill%2068%25%20to%2098%25%20of%20viable%20M.%20leprae%20and%20a%20single%20dose%20of%20ROM%2C%20a%20three-drug%20combination%20of%20rifampin%20600%20mg%20%2B%20ofloxacin%20400%20mg%20%2B%20minocycline%20100%20mg%2C%20was%20killing%20more%20than%2099%25%20of%20viable%20M.%20leprae.%20As%20a%20result%20of%20a%20double-blind%2C%20control%2C%20clinical%20trial%2C%20the%20Seventh%20Report%20of%20the%20WHO%20Expert%20Committee%20on%20Leprosy%20recommended%20in%201997%20the%20use%20of%20single-dose%20ROM%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20patients%20with%20single-lesion%20paucibacillary%20leprosy.%20Recently%20moxifloxacin%2C%20a%20new%20fluoroquinolone%2C%20and%20rifapentine%2C%20a%20long-lasting%20rifamycin%20derivative%2C%20have%20demonstrated%20in%20the%20mouse%20model%20highly%20promising%20antileprosy%20activities%2C%20justifying%20their%20assessment%20in%20humans.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001-06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220148-916X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-04-03T17%3A06%3A00Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QR5LSJMF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nguyen%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENguyen%2C%20L.%20N.%2C%20Cartel%2C%20J.%20L.%20and%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282000%29.%20%3Cb%3EChemoprophylaxis%20of%20leprosy%20in%20the%20southern%20Marquesas%20with%20a%20single%2025%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20dose%20of%20rifampicin.%20Results%20after%2010%20years%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Lepr%20Rev%20%3Ci%3E71%20Suppl%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20S33-35%3B%20discussion%20S35-36%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5935%5C%2F0305-7518.20000064%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5935%5C%2F0305-7518.20000064%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Chemoprophylaxis%20of%20leprosy%20in%20the%20southern%20Marquesas%20with%20a%20single%2025%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20dose%20of%20rifampicin.%20Results%20after%2010%20years%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nguyen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cartel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%201988%2C%20a%20programme%20of%20leprosy%20chemoprophylaxis%2C%20employing%20a%20supervised%2C%20single%2025%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20dose%20of%20rifampicin%2C%20was%20implemented%20in%20the%20Southern%20Marquesas%20Islands.%20Of%20the%202786%20inhabitants%2C%202751%20%2898.7%25%29%20were%20treated.%20In%20addition%2C%203144%20South%20Marquesans%20living%20elsewhere%20in%20French%20Polynesia%20were%20administered%20the%20same%20chemoprophylaxis.%20During%20the%20following%2010%20years%2C%20seven%20leprosy%20patients%20were%20detected%20among%20those%20who%20had%20been%20administered%20chemoprophylaxis.%20Of%20these%2C%20two%20were%20very%20likely%20missed%20cases%20of%20leprosy%2C%20and%20cannot%20be%20considered%20a%20failure%20of%20chemoprophylaxis.%20The%20epidemiometric%20projection%20model%2C%20based%20on%20cases%20of%20leprosy%20observed%20in%20the%20Southern%20Marquesas%20during%20the%2020%20years%20preceding%20implementation%20of%20the%20programme%2C%20predicted%20that%2017%20leprosy%20cases%20could%20be%20expected%20in%20the%20South%20Marquesan%20population%20if%20no%20chemoprophylaxis%20were%20given.%20In%20fact%2C%20only%20five%20cases%20were%20detected%20in%20the%20treated%20population%2C%20a%20number%20significantly%20smaller%20than%2017%2C%20suggesting%20that%20the%20chemoprophylaxis%20was%2070%25%20effective%2C%20assuming%20that%20no%20change%20of%20detection%20rate%20would%20have%20occurred%20without%20chemoprophylaxis.%20However%2C%20during%20the%2010%20years%20following%20implementation%20of%20the%20chemoprophylaxis%20programme%2C%20the%20detection%20rate%20in%20the%20Polynesian%20population%20that%20was%20not%20administered%20chemoprophylaxis%20declined%20by%20about%2050%25.%20Therefore%2C%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20the%20chemoprophylaxis%20was%20only%2035-40%25.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000-12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5935%5C%2F0305-7518.20000064%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220305-7518%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-04-03T17%3A04%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HPMU8BC7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ji%20and%20Grosset%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJi%2C%20B.%20and%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20%282000%29.%20%3Cb%3ECombination%20of%20rifapentine-moxifloxacin-minocycline%20%28PMM%29%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20leprosy%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Lepr%20Rev%20%3Ci%3E71%20Suppl%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20S81-87%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5935%5C%2F0305-7518.20000074%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5935%5C%2F0305-7518.20000074%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Combination%20of%20rifapentine-moxifloxacin-minocycline%20%28PMM%29%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20leprosy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22To%20further%20the%20development%20of%20a%20multidrug%20regimen%20for%20treatment%20of%20leprosy%20that%20is%20suitable%20for%20monthly%20administration%20and%20fully%20supervisable%2C%20the%20bactericidal%20activities%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20of%20HMR%203647%20%28HMR%29%2C%20moxifloxacin%20%28MXFX%29%20and%20rifapentine%20%28RPT%29%20were%20measured%20by%20the%20proportional%20bactericide%20technique%20in%20the%20mouse%20footpad%20system%2C%20and%20compared%20with%20those%20of%20the%20established%20antileprosy%20drugs%20clarithromycin%20%28CLARI%29%2C%20ofloxacin%20%28OFLO%29%20and%20rifampicin%20%28RMP%29.%20Administered%20in%20five%20daily%20doses%20of%20100%20mg%20per%20kg%20body%20weight%2C%20HMR%20appeared%20slightly%20more%20bactericidal%20than%20CLARI%2C%20but%20the%20difference%20did%20not%20attain%20statistical%20significance.%20Administered%20as%20single%20doses%2C%20MXFX%20in%20a%20dosage%20of%20150%20mg%20per%20kg%20was%20more%20active%20than%20OFLO%20in%20the%20same%20dosage%2C%20and%20displayed%20the%20same%20level%20of%20activity%20as%20RMP%20in%20a%20dosage%20of%2010%20mg%20per%20kg%3B%20the%20combination%20MXFX-minocycline%20%28MINO%29%20%28MM%29%20was%20more%20bactericidal%20than%20the%20combination%20OFLO-MINO%20%28OM%29%3B%20RPT%20in%20a%20dosage%20of%2010%20mg%20per%20kg%20was%20more%20bactericidal%20than%20RMP%20administered%20in%20the%20same%20dosage%2C%20and%20even%20more%20active%20than%20the%20combination%20RMP-OFLO-MINO%20%28ROM%29%3B%20the%20combination%20RPT-MXFX-MINO%20%28PMM%29%20killed%2099.9%25%20of%20viable%20M.%20leprae%2C%20and%20was%20slightly%20more%20bactericidal%20than%20was%20RPT%20alone%2C%20indicating%20that%20the%20combination%20PMM%20showed%20an%20additive%20effect%20against%20M.%20leprae.%20These%20promising%20results%20justify%20a%20clinical%20trial%20among%20lepromatous%20patients%2C%20in%20which%20MM%20is%20being%20compared%20with%20OM%2C%20and%20PMM%20with%20ROM%2C%20in%20terms%20of%20efficacy%20and%20tolerance.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000-12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5935%5C%2F0305-7518.20000074%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220305-7518%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-15T10%3A18%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KBVZ83L5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Consigny%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EConsigny%2C%20S.%2C%20Bentoucha%2C%20A.%2C%20Bonnafous%2C%20P.%2C%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20and%20Ji%2C%20B.%20%282000%29.%20%3Cb%3EBactericidal%20activities%20of%20HMR%203647%2C%20moxifloxacin%2C%20and%20rifapentine%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20in%20mice%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Antimicrob%20Agents%20Chemother%20%3Ci%3E44%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%202919%26%23x2013%3B2921%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1128%5C%2FAAC.44.10.2919-2921.2000%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1128%5C%2FAAC.44.10.2919-2921.2000%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Bactericidal%20activities%20of%20HMR%203647%2C%20moxifloxacin%2C%20and%20rifapentine%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20in%20mice%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Consigny%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bentoucha%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bonnafous%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ji%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Bactericidal%20activities%20of%20HMR%203647%20%28HMR%29%2C%20moxifloxacin%20%28MXFX%29%2C%20and%20rifapentine%20%28RPT%29%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%2C%20measured%20by%20the%20proportional%20bactericidal%20technique%20in%20the%20mouse%20footpad%20system%2C%20were%20compared%20with%20those%20of%20the%20established%20antileprosy%20drugs%20clarithromycin%20%28CLARI%29%2C%20ofloxacin%20%28OFLO%29%2C%20and%20rifampin%20%28RMP%29.%20Administered%20in%20five%20daily%20doses%20of%20100%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20of%20body%20weight%2C%20HMR%20appeared%20slightly%20more%20bactericidal%20than%20CLARI.%20In%20a%20single%20dose%2C%20MXFX%20at%20150%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20was%20more%20active%20than%20the%20same%20dose%20of%20OFLO%20and%20displayed%20exactly%20the%20same%20level%20of%20activity%20as%20RMP%20at%2010%20mg%5C%2Fkg%3B%20the%20combination%20MXFX-minocycline%20%28MINO%29%20%28MM%29%20was%20more%20bactericidal%20than%20the%20combination%20OFLO-MINO%20%28OM%29%3B%20RPT%20at%2010%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20was%20more%20bactericidal%20than%20the%20same%20dose%20of%20RMP%20and%20even%20more%20active%20than%20the%20combination%20RMP-OFLO-MINO%20%28ROM%29%3B%20the%20combination%20RPT-MXFX-MINO%20%28PMM%29%20killed%2099.9%25%20of%20viable%20M.%20leprae%20and%20was%20slightly%20more%20bactericidal%20than%20RPT%20alone%2C%20indicating%20that%20the%20combination%20PMM%20showed%20an%20additive%20effect%20against%20M.%20leprae.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000-10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1128%5C%2FAAC.44.10.2919-2921.2000%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220066-4804%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-15T10%3A02%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FZQLU6SF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ji%20and%20Grosset%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221999-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJi%2C%20B.%20and%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281999%29.%20%3Cb%3EDrugs%20and%20regimens%20for%20preventive%20therapy%20against%20tuberculosis%2C%20disseminated%20Mycobacterium%20avium%20complex%20infection%20and%20leprosy%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Int%20J%20Lepr%20Other%20Mycobact%20Dis%20%3Ci%3E67%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20S45-55.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Drugs%20and%20regimens%20for%20preventive%20therapy%20against%20tuberculosis%2C%20disseminated%20Mycobacterium%20avium%20complex%20infection%20and%20leprosy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221999-12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220148-916X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-15T10%3A18%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22P9WW92S8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ji%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221998-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJi%2C%20B.%2C%20Sow%2C%20S.%2C%20Perani%2C%20E.%2C%20Lienhardt%2C%20C.%2C%20Diderot%2C%20V.%20and%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20%281998%29.%20%3Cb%3EBactericidal%20activity%20of%20a%20single-dose%20combination%20of%20ofloxacin%20plus%20minocycline%2C%20with%20or%20without%20rifampin%2C%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20in%20mice%20and%20in%20lepromatous%20patients%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Antimicrob%20Agents%20Chemother%20%3Ci%3E42%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%201115%26%23x2013%3B1120%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1128%5C%2FAAC.42.5.1115%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1128%5C%2FAAC.42.5.1115%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Bactericidal%20activity%20of%20a%20single-dose%20combination%20of%20ofloxacin%20plus%20minocycline%2C%20with%20or%20without%20rifampin%2C%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20in%20mice%20and%20in%20lepromatous%20patients%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sow%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lienhardt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Diderot%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22To%20develop%20a%20fully%20supervisable%2C%20monthly%20administered%20regimen%20for%20treatment%20of%20leprosy%2C%20the%20bactericidal%20effect%20of%20a%20single-dose%20combination%20of%20ofloxacin%20%28OFLO%29%20and%20minocycline%20%28MINO%29%2C%20with%20or%20without%20rifampin%20%28RMP%29%2C%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20was%20studied%20in%20the%20mouse%20footpad%20system%20and%20in%20previously%20untreated%20lepromatous%20leprosy%20patients.%20Bactericidal%20activity%20was%20measured%20by%20the%20proportional%20bactericidal%20method.%20In%20mouse%20experiments%2C%20the%20activity%20of%20a%20single%20dose%20of%20the%20combination%20OFLO-MINO%20was%20dosage%20related%3B%20the%20higher%20dosage%20of%20the%20combination%20displayed%20bactericidal%20activity%20which%20was%20significantly%20inferior%20to%20that%20of%20a%20single%20dose%20of%20RMP%2C%20whereas%20the%20lower%20dosage%20did%20not%20exhibit%20a%20bactericidal%20effect.%20In%20the%20clinical%20trial%2C%2020%20patients%20with%20previously%20untreated%20lepromatous%20leprosy%20were%20treated%20with%20a%20single%20dose%20consisting%20of%20either%20600%20mg%20of%20RMP%20plus%20400%20mg%20of%20OFLO%20and%20100%20mg%20of%20MINO%20or%20400%20mg%20of%20OFLO%20plus%20100%20mg%20of%20MINO.%20The%20OFLO-MINO%20combination%20exhibited%20definite%20bactericidal%20activity%20in%207%20of%2010%20patients%20but%20was%20less%20bactericidal%20than%20the%20RMP-OFLO-MINO%20combination.%20Both%20combinations%20were%20well%20tolerated.%20Because%20of%20these%20promising%20results%2C%20a%20test%20of%20the%20efficacy%20of%20multiple%20doses%20of%20ROM%20in%20a%20larger%20clinical%20trial%20appears%20justified.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221998-05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1128%5C%2FAAC.42.5.1115%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220066-4804%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-15T10%3A30%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QCE36WVX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ji%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJi%2C%20B.%2C%20Jamet%2C%20P.%2C%20Sow%2C%20S.%2C%20Perani%2C%20E.%20G.%2C%20Traore%2C%20I.%20and%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281997%29.%20%3Cb%3EHigh%20relapse%20rate%20among%20lepromatous%20leprosy%20patients%20treated%20with%20rifampin%20plus%20ofloxacin%20daily%20for%204%20weeks%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Antimicrob%20Agents%20Chemother%20%3Ci%3E41%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%201953%26%23x2013%3B1956%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1128%5C%2FAAC.41.9.1953%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1128%5C%2FAAC.41.9.1953%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22High%20relapse%20rate%20among%20lepromatous%20leprosy%20patients%20treated%20with%20rifampin%20plus%20ofloxacin%20daily%20for%204%20weeks%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jamet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sow%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Traore%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Fifty-one%20lepromatous%20leprosy%20patients%2C%20all%20of%20whom%20had%20relapsed%20after%20previous%20dapsone%20%28DDS%29%20monotherapy%2C%20were%20treated%20between%201990%20and%201991%20with%20600%20mg%20of%20rifampin%20%28RMP%29%20plus%20400%20mg%20of%20ofloxacin%20%28OFLO%29%20daily%20for%204%20weeks%2C%20and%20the%20great%20majority%20of%20the%20patients%20were%20followed%20up%20at%20least%20once%20a%20year%20after%20completion%20of%20the%20treatment.%20After%20only%20173%20patient-years%20of%20follow-up%2C%205%20relapses%20had%20been%20detected%3B%20the%20overall%20relapse%20rate%20was%2010.0%25%20%28confidence%20limits%2C%201.7%20and%2018.3%25%29%2C%20or%202.9%20relapses%20%28confidence%20limits%2C%200.4%20and%205.4%29%20per%20100%20patient-years.%20The%20unacceptably%20high%20relapse%20rate%20indicated%20that%204%20weeks%20of%20treatment%20with%20daily%20RMP-OFLO%20was%20unable%20to%20reduce%20the%20number%20of%20viable%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20organisms%20to%20a%20negligible%20level.%20In%20addition%2C%20the%20M.%20leprae%20from%20one%20of%20the%20relapses%20were%20proved%20to%20have%20multiple%20resistance%20to%20DDS%2C%20RMP%2C%20and%20OFLO.%20To%20avoid%20further%20relapses%2C%20the%20follow-up%20was%20terminated%20and%20the%20great%20majority%20of%20the%20patients%20were%20retreated%20with%20the%20standard%202-year%20multidrug%20therapy%20from%201994.%20No%20further%20relapse%20has%20been%20diagnosed%20since%20the%20beginning%20of%20retreatment.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221997-09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1128%5C%2FAAC.41.9.1953%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220066-4804%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-15T10%3A07%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225L7KRJ4E%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mane%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMane%2C%20I.%2C%20Cartel%2C%20J.%20L.%20and%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281997%29.%20%3Cb%3EField%20trial%20on%20efficacy%20of%20supervised%20monthly%20dose%20of%20600%20mg%20rifampin%2C%20400%20mg%20ofloxacin%20and%20100%20mg%20minocycline%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20leprosy%3B%20first%20results%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Int%20J%20Lepr%20Other%20Mycobact%20Dis%20%3Ci%3E65%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20224%26%23x2013%3B229.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Field%20trial%20on%20efficacy%20of%20supervised%20monthly%20dose%20of%20600%20mg%20rifampin%2C%20400%20mg%20ofloxacin%20and%20100%20mg%20minocycline%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20leprosy%3B%20first%20results%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mane%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cartel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%201995%2C%20a%20field%20trial%20was%20implemented%20in%20Senegal%20in%20order%20to%20evaluate%20the%20efficacy%20of%20a%20regimen%20based%20on%20the%20monthly%20supervised%20intake%20of%20rifampin%20600%20mg%2C%20ofloxacin%20400%20mg%20and%20minocycline%20100%20mg%20to%20treat%20leprosy.%20During%20the%20first%20year%20of%20the%20trial%2C%20220%20patients%20with%20active%20leprosy%20%28newly%20detected%20or%20relapsing%20after%20dapsone%20monotherapy%29%20were%20recruited%3A%20102%20paucibacillary%20%28PB%29%20%2860%20males%20and%2042%20females%29%20and%20118%20multibacillary%20%28MB%29%20%2871%20males%20and%2047%20females%29.%20All%20of%20them%20accepted%20the%20new%20treatment%20%28none%20requested%20to%20be%20preferably%20put%20under%20standard%20WHO%5C%2FMDT%29%2C%20no%20clinical%20sign%20which%20could%20be%20considered%20as%20a%20toxic%20effect%20of%20the%20drug%20was%20noted%2C%20and%20none%20of%20the%20patients%20refused%20to%20continue%20treatment%20because%20of%20any%20clinical%20trouble.%20The%20compliance%20was%20excellent%3A%20the%20113%20patients%20%28PB%20and%20MB%29%20detected%20during%20the%20first%206%20months%20of%20the%20trial%20have%20taken%20six%20monthly%20doses%20in%206%20months%2C%20as%20planned.%20The%20rate%20of%20clearance%20and%20the%20progressive%20decrease%20of%20cutaneous%20lesions%20was%20satisfactory.%20Although%20it%20is%20too%20soon%20to%20give%20comprehensive%20results%2C%20it%20should%20be%20noted%20that%20no%20treatment%20failure%20was%20observed%20in%20the%2056%20PB%20patients%20who%20have%20completed%20treatment%20and%20have%20been%20followed%20up%20for%206%20months.%20The%20long-term%20efficacy%20of%20the%20new%20regimen%20is%20to%20be%20evaluated%20on%20the%20rate%20of%20relapse%20during%20the%20years%20following%20the%20cessation%20of%20treatment.%20If%20that%20relapse%20rate%20is%20acceptable%20%28similar%20to%20that%20observed%20in%20patients%20after%20treatment%20with%20current%20standard%20WHO%5C%2F%20MDT%29%2C%20the%20new%20regimen%20could%20be%20a%20solution%20to%20treat%2C%20for%20instance%2C%20patients%20very%20irregular%20and%5C%2For%20living%20in%20remote%20or%20inaccessible%20areas%20since%20no%20selection%20of%20rifampin-resistant%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20should%20be%20possible%20%28a%20monthly%20dose%20of%20ofloxacin%20and%20minocycline%20being%20as%20effective%20as%20a%20dose%20of%20dapsone%20and%20clofazimine%20taken%20daily%20for%201%20month%29.%20Nevertheless%2C%20until%20longer%20term%20results%20of%20this%20and%20other%20trials%20become%20available%2C%20there%20is%20no%20justification%20for%20any%20change%20in%20the%20treatment%20strategy%2C%20and%20all%20leprosy%20patients%20should%20be%20put%20under%20standard%20WHO%5C%2FMDT.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221997-06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220148-916X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-04-03T17%3A00%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22M5TC4XTK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Grosset%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGrosset%2C%20J.%20%281997%29.%20%3Cb%3EWhither%20short-course%20chemotherapy%20for%20leprosy%3F%3C%5C%2Fb%3E%20Indian%20J%20Lepr%20%3Ci%3E69%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20119%26%23x2013%3B120.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Whither%20short-course%20chemotherapy%20for%20leprosy%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221997%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220254-9395%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-04-03T17%3A00%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222UIDXPCS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ji%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221996-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJi%2C%20B.%2C%20Levy%2C%20L.%20and%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281996%29.%20%3Cb%3EChemotherapy%20of%20leprosy%3A%20progress%20since%20the%20Orlando%20Congress%2C%20and%20prospects%20for%20the%20future%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Int%20J%20Lepr%20Other%20Mycobact%20Dis%20%3Ci%3E64%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20S80-88%3B%20discussion%20S88-90.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Chemotherapy%20of%20leprosy%3A%20progress%20since%20the%20Orlando%20Congress%2C%20and%20prospects%20for%20the%20future%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Levy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221996-12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220148-916X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-15T10%3A07%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BV87B8HM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ji%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221996-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJi%2C%20B.%2C%20Jamet%2C%20P.%2C%20Perani%2C%20E.%20G.%2C%20Sow%2C%20S.%2C%20Lienhardt%2C%20C.%2C%20Petinon%2C%20C.%20and%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281996%29.%20%3Cb%3EBactericidal%20activity%20of%20single%20dose%20of%20clarithromycin%20plus%20minocycline%2C%20with%20or%20without%20ofloxacin%2C%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20in%20patients%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Antimicrob%20Agents%20Chemother%20%3Ci%3E40%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%202137%26%23x2013%3B2141%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1128%5C%2FAAC.40.9.2137%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1128%5C%2FAAC.40.9.2137%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Bactericidal%20activity%20of%20single%20dose%20of%20clarithromycin%20plus%20minocycline%2C%20with%20or%20without%20ofloxacin%2C%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20in%20patients%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jamet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sow%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lienhardt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petinon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Fifty%20patients%20with%20newly%20diagnosed%20lepromatous%20leprosy%20were%20allocated%20randomly%20to%20one%20of%20five%20groups%20and%20treated%20with%20either%20a%20month-long%20standard%20regimen%20of%20multidrug%20therapy%20%28MDT%29%20for%20multibacillary%20leprosy%2C%20a%20single%20dose%20of%20600%20mg%20of%20rifampin%2C%20a%20month-long%20regimen%20with%20the%20dapsone%20%28DDS%29%20and%20clofazimine%20%28CLO%29%20components%20of%20the%20standard%20MDT%2C%20or%20a%20single%20dose%20of%202%2C000%20mg%20of%20clarithromycin%20%28CLARI%29%20plus%20200%20mg%20of%20minocycline%20%28MINO%29%2C%20with%20or%20without%20the%20addition%20of%20800%20mg%20of%20ofloxacin%20%28OFLO%29.%20At%20the%20end%20of%201%20month%2C%20clinical%20improvement%20accompanied%20by%20significant%20decreases%20of%20morphological%20indexes%20in%20skin%20smears%20was%20observed%20in%20about%20half%20of%20the%20patients%20of%20each%20group.%20A%20significant%20bactericidal%20effect%20was%20demonstrated%20in%20the%20great%20majority%20of%20patients%20in%20all%20five%20groups%20by%20inoculating%20the%20footpads%20of%20mice%20with%20organisms%20recovered%20from%20biopsy%20samples%20obtained%20before%20and%20after%20treatment.%20Rifampin%20proved%20to%20be%20a%20bactericidal%20drug%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20more%20potent%20than%20any%20combination%20of%20the%20other%20drugs.%20A%20single%20dose%20of%20CLARI-MINO%2C%20with%20or%20without%20OFLO%2C%20displayed%20a%20degree%20of%20bactericidal%20activity%20similar%20to%20that%20of%20a%20regimen%20daily%20of%20doses%20of%20DDS-CLO%20for%201%20month%2C%20suggesting%20that%20it%20may%20be%20possible%20to%20replace%20the%20DDS%20and%20CLO%20components%20of%20the%20MDT%20with%20a%20monthly%20dose%20of%20CLARI-MINO%2C%20with%20or%20without%20OFLO.%20However%2C%20gastrointestinal%20adverse%20events%20were%20quite%20frequent%20among%20patients%20treated%20with%20CLARI-MINO%2C%20with%20or%20without%20OFLO%2C%20and%20may%20be%20attributed%20to%20the%20higher%20dosage%20of%20CLARI%20or%20MINO%20or%20to%20the%20combination%20of%20CLARI-MINO%20plus%20OFLO.%20In%20future%20trials%2C%20therefore%2C%20we%20propose%20to%20reduce%20the%20dosages%20of%20the%20drugs%20to%201%2C000%20mg%20of%20CLARI%2C%20100%20mg%20of%20MINO%2C%20and%20400%20mg%20of%20OFLO.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221996-09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1128%5C%2FAAC.40.9.2137%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220066-4804%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-15T10%3A30%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225CBJN2CW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ji%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221996-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJi%2C%20B.%2C%20Perani%2C%20E.%20G.%2C%20Petinom%2C%20C.%20and%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281996%29.%20%3Cb%3EBactericidal%20activities%20of%20combinations%20of%20new%20drugs%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20in%20nude%20mice%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Antimicrob%20Agents%20Chemother%20%3Ci%3E40%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20393%26%23x2013%3B399%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1128%5C%2FAAC.40.2.393%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1128%5C%2FAAC.40.2.393%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Bactericidal%20activities%20of%20combinations%20of%20new%20drugs%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20in%20nude%20mice%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petinom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20bactericidal%20activities%20of%2012%20regimens%20with%20various%20combinations%20of%20new%20drugs%20%28clarithromycin%20%5BCLARI%5D%2C%20minocycline%20%5BMINO%5D%2C%20and%20ofloxacin%20%5BOFLO%5D%29%20and%20the%20standard%20antileprosy%20drugs%2C%20especially%20rifampin%20%28RMP%29%2C%20were%20compared%20in%20nude%20mice%20with%20established%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20infection.%20The%20longest%20duration%20of%20treatment%20was%2024%20weeks%20for%20intermittent%20%28once%20every%204%20weeks%29%20therapy%20and%208%20weeks%20for%20daily%20therapy.%20Bactericidal%20effects%20were%20monitored%20by%20titrating%20the%20proportion%20of%20viable%20M.%20leprae%20isolates%20by%20subinoculating%20the%20organisms%20into%20the%20footpads%20of%20immunocompetent%20and%20nude%20mice.%20The%20results%20indicate%20that%20RMP%20was%20more%20bactericidal%20than%20any%20combination%20of%20the%20new%20drugs.%20A%20single%20dose%20of%20CLARI-MINO%2C%20with%20or%20without%20OFLO%2C%20displayed%20bactericidal%20activity%20as%20great%20as%20that%20of%204%20weeks%20of%20daily%20treatment%20with%20dapsone%20%28DDS%29%20plus%20clofazimine%20%28CLO%29%3B%20thus%2C%20intermittent%20CLARI-MINO%2C%20with%20or%20without%20OFLO%2C%20may%20replace%20DDS%20and%20CLO%20of%20the%20standard%20multidrug%20regimen%2C%20and%20these%20will%20become%20regimens%20that%20can%20be%20administered%20monthly%20and%20under%20full%20supervision.%20Additional%20evidence%20that%20this%20may%20be%20the%20case%20is%20provided%20by%20the%20finding%20that%20intermittent%20RMP-CLARI-MINO%20or%20RMP-CLARI-MINO-OFLO%20administered%20for%2012%20or%2024%20weeks%20was%20as%20active%20as%20the%20standard%20multidrug%20regimen.%20While%20the%20intermittent%20treatment%20always%20displayed%20significantly%20greater%20bactericidal%20activity%20than%20the%20same%20number%20of%20doses%20of%20daily%20treatment%2C%20daily%20treatment%20with%20CLARI-MINO%20and%20CLARI-MINO-OFLO%20were%20more%20active%20than%20the%20drugs%20given%20as%20intermittent%20treatment%20for%20the%20same%20duration%3B%20therefore%2C%20unless%20these%20combinations%20are%20to%20be%20administered%20together%20with%20intermittent%20RMP%2C%20they%20should%20be%20given%20daily%2C%20especially%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20RMP-resistant%20cases%20of%20infection.%20Finally%2C%2012%20weeks%20of%20daily%20treatment%20with%20DDS-CLO%20was%20more%20bactericidal%20than%20had%20been%20expected%2C%20suggesting%20that%20it%20may%20not%20be%20necessary%20to%20administer%20the%20standard%20multidrug%20regimen%20for%20multibacillary%20leprosy%20for%20as%20long%20as%2024%20months%20in%20order%20to%20minimize%20the%20risk%20of%20developing%20RMP%20resistance.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221996-02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1128%5C%2FAAC.40.2.393%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220066-4804%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-15T10%3A30%3A15Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PJNNS7UZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ji%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221994-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJi%2C%20B.%2C%20Perani%2C%20E.%20G.%2C%20Petinom%2C%20C.%2C%20N%26%23x2019%3BDeli%2C%20L.%20and%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281994%29.%20%3Cb%3EClinical%20trial%20of%20ofloxacin%20alone%20and%20in%20combination%20with%20dapsone%20plus%20clofazimine%20for%20treatment%20of%20lepromatous%20leprosy%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Antimicrob%20Agents%20Chemother%20%3Ci%3E38%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20662%26%23x2013%3B667%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1128%5C%2FAAC.38.4.662%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1128%5C%2FAAC.38.4.662%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Clinical%20trial%20of%20ofloxacin%20alone%20and%20in%20combination%20with%20dapsone%20plus%20clofazimine%20for%20treatment%20of%20lepromatous%20leprosy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petinom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22N%27Deli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Twenty-four%20patients%20with%20newly%20diagnosed%20lepromatous%20leprosy%20were%20allocated%20randomly%20to%20three%20groups%20and%20treated%20for%2056%20days%20with%20400%20mg%20of%20ofloxacin%20daily%2C%20800%20mg%20of%20ofloxacin%20daily%2C%20or%20400%20mg%20of%20ofloxacin%2C%20100%20mg%20of%20dapsone%2C%20and%2050%20mg%20of%20clofazimine%20daily%20plus%20300%20mg%20of%20clofazimine%20once%20every%2028%20days.%20The%20patients%20in%20all%20three%20groups%20demonstrated%20remarkable%20clinical%20improvements%2C%20accompanied%20by%20rapid%20decline%20of%20the%20morphological%20index%20in%20skin%20smears%20during%20treatment.%20More%20than%2099%2C%20%3E%2099.99%2C%20and%20%3E%2099.99%25%20of%20the%20viable%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20organisms%20had%20been%20killed%20by%2014%2C%2028%2C%20and%2056%20days%20of%20treatment%2C%20respectively%2C%20as%20measured%20by%20inoculation%20into%20the%20footpads%20of%20immunocompetent%20and%20nude%20mice%20of%20organisms%20recovered%20from%20skin%20biopsy%20specimens%20obtained%20before%20and%20during%20treatment.%20Mild%20to%20moderate%20elevations%20of%20the%20serum%20glutamic%20pyruvic%20transaminase%20level%20were%20observed%20in%20four%20patients%2C%20all%20after%2028%20days%20of%20treatment%2C%20which%20returned%20to%20normal%20after%20the%20trial%20had%20been%20completed.%20Clinical%20improvement%2C%20bactericidal%20activity%2C%20and%20hepatotoxicity%20did%20not%20differ%20significantly%20among%20the%20three%20groups.%20Ofloxacin%20displayed%20powerful%20bactericidal%20activity%20against%20M.%20leprae%20in%20leprosy%20patients%20and%20may%20be%20an%20important%20component%20of%20new%20multidrug%20regimens%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20leprosy.%20Its%20optimal%20dosage%20appears%20to%20be%20400%20mg%20daily%2C%20and%20combination%20with%20dapsone%20and%20clofazimine%20does%20not%20enhance%20its%20activity.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221994-04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1128%5C%2FAAC.38.4.662%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220066-4804%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-15T10%3A30%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RY92RLGC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Xiong%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221994-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EXiong%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Ji%2C%20B.%2C%20Perani%2C%20E.%20G.%2C%20P%26%23xE9%3Btinon%2C%20C.%20and%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281994%29.%20%3Cb%3EFurther%20study%20of%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20single%20doses%20of%20clarithromycin%20and%20minocycline%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20in%20mice%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Int%20J%20Lepr%20Other%20Mycobact%20Dis%20%3Ci%3E62%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2037%26%23x2013%3B42.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Further%20study%20of%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20single%20doses%20of%20clarithromycin%20and%20minocycline%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20in%20mice%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xiong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22P%5Cu00e9tinon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20anti-Mycobacterium%20leprae%20activities%20of%20single%20doses%20of%20rifampin%20%28RMP%29%2C%20clarithromycin%20%28CLARI%29%2C%20or%20minocycline%20%28MINO%29%20alone%2C%20and%20various%20combinations%20of%20CLARI%20%2B%20MINO%20were%20determined%20in%20immunocompetent%20mice%20by%20the%20kinetic%20method.%20A%20single%20dose%20of%20RMP%2010%20mg%5C%2Fkg%2C%20CLARI%20100%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20or%20200%20mg%5C%2Fkg%2C%20MINO%2025%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20or%2050%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20alone%2C%20or%20various%20combinations%20of%20CLARI%20%26%20MINO%20were%20active.%20RMP%20was%20more%20active%20than%20the%20other%20treatments%3B%20the%20activity%20of%20CLARI%20100%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20was%20greater%20than%20that%20of%2050%20mg%5C%2Fkg%2C%20but%20did%20not%20differ%20significantly%20from%20that%20of%20200%20mg%5C%2Fkg%3B%20MINO%2050%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20was%20more%20active%20than%2025%20mg%5C%2Fkg%3B%20and%20none%20of%20the%20combinations%20of%20CLARI%20%2B%20MINO%20was%20more%20active%20than%20any%20of%20the%20stronger%20components%20administered%20alone.%20Therefore%2C%20both%20CLARI%20and%20MINO%20may%20be%20applied%2C%20either%20alone%20or%20in%20combination%2C%20as%20components%20of%20monthly%20administered%2C%20fully%20supervised%2C%20multidrug%20regimens%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20multibacillary%20leprosy.%20Taking%20into%20account%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20the%20drugs%20and%20the%20comparative%20pharmacokinetic%20data%2C%20we%20propose%20that%20the%20optimal%20dosage%20in%20human%20trials%20is%20CLARI%201000%20mg%20per%20month%20or%20MINO%20200%20mg%20per%20month.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221994-03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220148-916X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-15T10%3A00%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NC2ERFUE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Honor%5Cu00e9%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221993-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHonor%26%23xE9%3B%2C%20N.%2C%20Perrani%2C%20E.%2C%20Telenti%2C%20A.%2C%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20and%20Cole%2C%20S.%20T.%20%281993%29.%20%3Cb%3EA%20simple%20and%20rapid%20technique%20for%20the%20detection%20of%20rifampin%20resistance%20in%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Int%20J%20Lepr%20Other%20Mycobact%20Dis%20%3Ci%3E61%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20600%26%23x2013%3B604.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20simple%20and%20rapid%20technique%20for%20the%20detection%20of%20rifampin%20resistance%20in%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Honor%5Cu00e9%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perrani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Telenti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cole%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20rifampin%20resistance%20of%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20is%20due%20to%20missense%20mutations%20in%20the%20rpoB%20gene%20encoding%20the%20beta-subunit%20of%20the%20essential%20enzyme%20RNA%20polymerase.%20A%20rapid%20and%20very%20simple%20method%20has%20been%20developed%20to%20detect%20rifampin%20resistance%20in%20small%20numbers%20of%20M.%20leprae%20present%20in%20biopsies.%20It%20involves%20polymerase%20chain%20reaction%20amplification%20of%20a%20defined%20region%20of%20the%20rpoB%20gene%20followed%20by%20single-strand%20conformational%20polymorphism%20analysis%20%28PCR-SSCP%29.%20The%20reliability%20of%20the%20method%20has%20been%20tested%20on%20a%20sample%20of%20known%20drug-resistant%20and%20susceptible%20isolates%20of%20M.%20leprae.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221993-12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220148-916X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-04-03T17%3A00%3A10Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WMTCIZDB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ji%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221993-07-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJi%2C%20B.%2C%20Jamet%2C%20P.%2C%20Perani%2C%20E.%20G.%2C%20Bobin%2C%20P.%20and%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281993%29.%20%3Cb%3EPowerful%20Bactericidal%20Activities%20of%20Clarithromycin%20and%20Minocycline%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20in%20Lepromatous%20Leprosy%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20J%20Infect%20Dis%20%3Ci%3E168%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20188%26%23x2013%3B190%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Finfdis%5C%2F168.1.188%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Finfdis%5C%2F168.1.188%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Powerful%20Bactericidal%20Activities%20of%20Clarithromycin%20and%20Minocycline%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20in%20Lepromatous%20Leprosy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Baohong%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pierre%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jamet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Evelyne%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pierre%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bobin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jacques%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Thirty-six%20patients%20with%20newly%20diagnosed%20lepromatous%20leprosy%20were%20allocated%20randomly%20to%20three%20groups%20and%20treated%20for%2056%20days%20with%20minocycline%20%28100%20mg%20daily%29%2C%20clarithromycin%20%28500%20mg%20daily%29%2C%20or%20clarithromycin%20%28500%20mg%29%20plus%20minocycline%20%28100%20mg%20daily%29.%20All%20groups%20had%20rapid%20and%20remarkable%20clinical%20improvement%20and%20significant%20decline%20of%20the%20bacterial%20and%20morphologic%20indices%20in%20skin%20smears%20during%20treatment.%20More%20than%2099%25%20and%20%26gt%3B99.9%25%20ofthe%20viable%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20had%20been%20killed%20by%2028%20and%2056%20days%20of%20treatment%2C%20respectively%2C%20as%20measured%20by%20inoculation%20of%20organisms%20recovered%20from%20skin%20samples%2C%20taken%20before%20and%20during%20treatment%2C%20into%20the%20footpads%20of%20immunocompetent%20and%20nude%20mice.%20Clinical%20improvement%20and%20bactericidal%20activity%20did%20not%20differ%20significantly%20among%20the%20three%20groups.%20Adverse%20reactions%20were%20rare%20and%20mild%2C%20and%20no%20laboratory%20abnormality%20was%20detected%20during%20the%20trial.%20Both%20clarithromycin%20and%20minocycline%20displayed%20powerful%20bactericidal%20activities%20against%20M.%20leprae%20in%20leprosy%20patients%20and%20may%20be%20considered%20important%20components%20of%20new%20multidrug%20regimens%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20multibacillary%20leprosy.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221993-07-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Finfdis%5C%2F168.1.188%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220022-1899%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Finfdis%5C%2F168.1.188%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-15T10%3A16%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TKVGQ69E%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ji%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221992-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJi%2C%20B.%2C%20Perani%2C%20E.%20G.%2C%20Petinon%2C%20C.%20and%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281992%29.%20%3Cb%3EBactericidal%20activities%20of%20single%20or%20multiple%20doses%20of%20various%20combinations%20of%20new%20antileprosy%20drugs%20and%5C%2For%20rifampin%20against%20M.%20leprae%20in%20mice%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Int%20J%20Lepr%20Other%20Mycobact%20Dis%20%3Ci%3E60%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20556%26%23x2013%3B561.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Bactericidal%20activities%20of%20single%20or%20multiple%20doses%20of%20various%20combinations%20of%20new%20antileprosy%20drugs%20and%5C%2For%20rifampin%20against%20M.%20leprae%20in%20mice%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petinon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20bactericidal%20activities%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20of%20single%20or%20multiple%20doses%20of%20various%20combinations%20of%20new%20antileprosy%20drugs%20%5Bminocycline%20%28MINO%29%2C%20clarithromycin%20%28CLARI%29%2C%20ofloxacin%20%28OFLO%29%2C%20and%20sparfloxacin%20%28SPFX%29%5D%20and%5C%2For%20rifampin%20%28RMP%29%20were%20titrated%20in%20immunocompetent%20mice%20by%20the%20proportional%20bactericidal%20method.%20Drugs%20were%20administered%20by%20gavage%20at%20the%20following%20dosages%20%28mg%5C%2Fkg%29%20per%20dose%3A%20RMP%2010%2C%20MINO%2025%2C%20CLARI%20100%2C%20OFLO%20150%2C%20and%20SPFX%2050.%20All%2015%20regimens%20exerted%20significant%20bactericidal%20activities%2C%20at%20least%2096%25%20of%20viables%20were%20killed.%20The%20activity%20of%20a%20single%20dose%20MINO%20%2B%20CLARI%20was%20only%20slightly%20inferior%20to%20that%20of%20RMP%2C%20and%20the%20activities%20of%20a%20single%20dose%20OFLO%5C%2FSPFX%20%2B%20MINO%20%2B%20CLARI%20were%20similar%20to%20that%20of%20RMP.%20This%20suggests%20that%20either%20MINO%20%2B%20CLARI%20or%20OFLO%5C%2FSPFX%20%2B%20MINO%20%2B%20CLARI%20may%20be%20administered%20once%20monthly%20together%20with%20RMP%20600%20mg%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20multibacillary%20%28MB%29%20leprosy%2C%20and%20monthly%20administration%20of%20MINO%20%2B%20CLARI%20or%20OFLO%5C%2FSPFX%20%2B%20MINO%20%2B%20CLARI%20may%20also%20be%20employed%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20RMP-resistant%20MB%20leprosy.%20Because%20the%20killing%20effects%20of%20multiple%20doses%20of%20the%20combinations%20were%20so%20powerful%2C%20comparison%20of%20the%20bactericidal%20activities%20of%20these%20regimens%20was%20beyond%20the%20sensitivity%20of%20the%20immunocompetent%20mouse%20model%2C%20and%20are%20being%20tested%20in%20the%20nude%20mouse%20model.%20Although%20SPFX%20is%20more%20active%20against%20M.%20leprae%20than%20OFLO%20on%20a%20weight-to-weight%20basis%2C%20when%20both%20drugs%20were%20administered%20in%20mice%20at%20dosages%20equivalent%20to%20clinically%20tolerated%20dosages%20in%20humans%2C%20SPFX%20did%20not%20show%20more%20superiority%20than%20OFLO%2C%20and%20its%20real%20advantage%20over%20OFLO%20in%20the%20treatment%20of%20leprosy%20remains%20unclear.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221992-12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220148-916X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-15T10%3A00%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229CW34XML%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ji%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221991-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJi%2C%20B.%2C%20Perani%2C%20E.%20G.%20and%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281991%29.%20%3Cb%3EEffectiveness%20of%20clarithromycin%20and%20minocycline%20alone%20and%20in%20combination%20against%20experimental%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20infection%20in%20mice%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Antimicrob%20Agents%20Chemother%20%3Ci%3E35%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20579%26%23x2013%3B581%2C%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1128%5C%2FAAC.35.3.579%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1128%5C%2FAAC.35.3.579%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Effectiveness%20of%20clarithromycin%20and%20minocycline%20alone%20and%20in%20combination%20against%20experimental%20Mycobacterium%20leprae%20infection%20in%20mice%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22As%20determined%20by%20the%20proportional%20bactericide%20method%2C%20clarithromycin%20had%20strong%20bactericidal%20activity%20against%20Mycobacterium%20leprae.%20Clarithromycin%20was%20administered%20to%20mice%20by%20gavage%20as%2020%20daily%20doses%20at%20dosages%20of%2012.5%20to%2050%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20of%20body%20weight.%20At%20a%20dosage%20of%2025%20mg%5C%2Fkg%2C%20minocycline%20was%20more%20active%20than%20clarithromycin%20at%20a%20dosage%20of%2050%20mg%5C%2Fkg.%20Additive%20effects%20were%20displayed%20with%20the%20combination%20of%20clarithromycin%20%2850%20mg%5C%2Fkg%29%20and%20minocycline%20%2825%20mg%5C%2Fkg%29%2C%20both%20of%20which%20were%20administered%20daily%20by%20gavage%2C%20and%20of%20clarithromycin%20and%20minocycline%2C%20both%20of%20which%20were%20administered%20daily%20by%20gavage%20at%20dosages%20of%2025%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20each%2C%20with%20rifampin%20at%20a%20single%20oral%20dose%20of%2010%20mg%5C%2Fkg.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221991-03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1128%5C%2FAAC.35.3.579%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220066-4804%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-15T10%3A07%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QJQIHDCZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1368488%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ji%20and%20Grosset%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221991%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJi%2C%20B.%20and%20Grosset%2C%20J.%20%281991%29.%20%3Cb%3EOfloxacin%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20leprosy%3C%5C%2Fb%3E.%20Acta%20Leprol%20%3Ci%3E7%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20321%26%23x2013%3B326.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ofloxacin%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20leprosy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grosset%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Among%20the%20major%20commercially%20available%20fluoroquinolones%2C%20ciprofloxacin%20was%20inactive%20against%20M.%20leprae%20in%20mice%3B%20pefloxacin%20was%20active%2C%2050%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20daily%20showed%20bacteriostatic%20activity%20but%20150%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20daily%20displayed%20bactericidal%20activity%3B%20ofloxacin%20was%20more%20active%20than%20pefloxacin%2C%2050%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20daily%20exerted%20the%20same%20level%20of%20bactericidal%20effect%20as%20pefloxacin%20150%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20daily%2C%20and%20ofloxacin%20150%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20displayed%20profound%20killing%20activity.%20Two%20clinical%20trials%20with%206%20months%20of%20pefloxacin%20and%5C%2For%20ofloxacin%20in%2031%20previously%20untreated%20lepromatous%20patients%20have%20been%20completed.%20Pefloxacin%20400%20mg%20twice%20daily%20or%20800%20mg%20once%20daily%20or%20ofloxacin%20400%20mg%20once%20daily%20were%20equally%20effective%3B%20definite%20clinical%20improvement%20with%20drastically%20decrease%20of%20morphological%20index%20to%20the%20baseline%20were%20observed%20in%20all%20patients%20at%202%20months%20after%20beginning%20of%20treatment%3B%20about%2099.99%25%2C%20or%204%20%5C%22logs%5C%22%2C%20of%20organisms%20viable%20on%20Day%200%20were%20killed%20by%2022%20doses%20of%20either%20pefloxacin%20or%20ofloxacin.%20The%20side%20effects%20from%20the%20two%20trials%20were%20rare%20and%20mild%2C%20and%20the%20patients%20tolerated%20extremely%20well%20the%20combinations%20of%20pefloxacin%5C%2Fofloxacin%20plus%20multidrug%20therapy%20%28MDT%29%20regimen%20for%20multibacillary%20leprosy%20recommended%20by%20WHO.%20The%20amount%20of%20rifampicin-resistant%20mutants%20in%20lepromatous%20patients%20before%20treatment%20are%20no%20more%20than%204%20%5C%22logs%5C%22%2C%20thus%2C%20all%20rifampicin-resistant%20mutants%20may%20be%20eliminated%20by%2022%20doses%20of%20either%20pefloxacin%20or%20ofloxacin.%20It%20is%2C%20therefore%2C%20possible%20that%20the%20combination%20of%20ofloxacin%20and%20rifampicin%20may%20considerably%20shorten%20the%20required%20duration%20of%20MDT.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221991%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220001-5938%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-15T10%3A18%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Hasker, E., Assoumani, Y., Randrianantoandro, A., Ramboarina, S., Braet, S. M., Cauchoix, B., Baco, A., Mzembaba, A., Salim, Z., Amidy, M., Grillone, S., Attoumani, N., Grillone, S. H., Ronse, M., Peeters Grietens, K., Rakoto-Andrianarivelo, M., Harinjatovo, H., Supply, P., Snijders, R., Hoof, C., Tsoumanis, A., Suffys, P., Rasamoelina, T., Corstjens, P., Ortuno-Gutierrez, N., Geluk, A., Cambau, E. and De Jong, B. C. (2024). Post-exposure prophylaxis in leprosy (PEOPLE): a cluster randomised trial. The Lancet Global Health 12, e1017–e1026, http://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00062-7.
Mengeot, L., Jachiet, M., Bourrat, E., Mahé, A., Cambau, E., Bernard, E., Pasqualini, C., Chamouine, A., Truong, J., Dumaine, C., Bertolotti, A. and Franco, J. (2024). Effective management of severe chronic erythema nodosum leprosum in adolescent patient using ustekinumab and apremilast: A case report. Acad Dermatol Venereol 38, http://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.19552.
Chauffour, A., Lounis, N., Andries, K., Jarlier, V., Veziris, N. and Aubry, A. (2023). Minimal effective dose of bedaquiline administered orally and activity of a long acting formulation of bedaquiline in the murine model of leprosy Ed. Converse, P. J. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17, e0011379, http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011379.
Jaume, L., Hau, E., Monsel, G., Mahé, A., Bertolotti, A., Petit, A., Le, B., Chauveau, M., Duhamel, E., Maisonobe, T., Bagot, M., Bouaziz, J.-D., Mougari, F., Cambau, E., Jachiet, M. and Groupe d’infectiologie en dermatologie et des infections sexuellement transmissibles (GrIDIST) (2023). Methotrexate as a corticosteroid-sparing agent in leprosy reactions: A French multicenter retrospective study Ed. Poonawala, H. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17, e0011238, http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011238.
Kirga, K. A., Nadlaou, B., Mahamat, A., Cambau, E., Penlap, V. and Godreuil, S. (2023). Genotypic characterization of Mycobacterium leprae strains resistant to rifampicin and ofloxacin in three health districts in Chad. J Drug Delivery Ther 13, 7–11, http://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v13i3.5748.
Cambau, E. (2023). La lèpre aujourd’hui : de gros progrès mais des résistances. Bulletin de l’Académie Nationale de Médecine 207, 1053–1063, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.banm.2023.04.017.
Jouet, A., Braet, S. M., Gaudin, C., Bisch, G., Vasconcellos, S., Epaminondas Nicacio De Oliveira Do Livramento, R. E., Prado Palacios, Y. Y., Fontes, A. B., Lucena, N., Rosa, P., Moraes, M., La, K., Badalato, N., Lenoir, E., Ferré, A., Clément, M., Hasker, E., Grillone, S. H., Abdou, W., Said, A., Assoumani, Y., Attoumani, N., Laurent, Y., Cambau, E., De Jong, B. C., Suffys, P. N. and Supply, P. (2023). Hi-plex deep amplicon sequencing for identification, high-resolution genotyping and multidrug resistance prediction of Mycobacterium leprae directly from patient biopsies by using Deeplex Myc-Lep. eBioMedicine 93, 104649, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104649.
Marijke Braet, S., Jouet, A., Aubry, A., Van Dyck-Lippens, M., Lenoir, E., Assoumani, Y., Baco, A., Mzembaba, A., Cambau, E., Vasconcellos, S. E. G., Rigouts, L., Suffys, P. N., Hasker, E., Supply, P. and de Jong, B. C. (2022). Investigating drug resistance of Mycobacterium leprae in the Comoros: an observational deep-sequencing study. The Lancet Microbe 3, e693–e700, http://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00117-3.
Aubry, A., Sammarco Rosa, P., Chauffour, A., Fletcher, M. L., Cambau, E. and Avanzi, C. (2022). Drug resistance in leprosy: An update following 70years of chemotherapy. Infectious Diseases Now 52, 243–251, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.idnow.2022.04.001.
Chauffour, A., Morel, F., Reibel, F., Petrella, S., Mayer, C., Cambau, E. and Aubry, A. (2021). A systematic review of Mycobacterium leprae DNA gyrase mutations and their impact on fluoroquinolone resistance. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 27, 1601–1612, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.07.007.
Ortuño-Gutiérrez, N., Mzembaba, A., Ramboarina, S., Andriamira, R., Baco, A., Braet, S., Younoussa, A., Cauchoix, B., Salim, Z., Amidy, M., Grillone, S., Rasamoelina, T., Cambau, E., Geluk, A., de Jong, B. C., Richardus, J. H. and Hasker, E. (2021). Exploring clustering of leprosy in the Comoros and Madagascar: A geospatial analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 108, 96–101, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.014.
Rousset, L., Sokal, A., Vignon-Pennamen, M.-D., Pagis, V., Rybojad, M., Lecorche, E., Mougari, F., Bagot, M., Bouaziz, J.-D. and Jachiet, M. (2020). Association d’une lèpre borderline tuberculoïde et d’une tuberculose : un cas et revue de la littérature. Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 147, 886–891, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2020.09.571.
Avanzi, C., Lécorché, E., Rakotomalala, F. A., Benjak, A., Rapelanoro Rabenja, F., Ramarozatovo, L. S., Cauchoix, B., Rakoto-Andrianarivelo, M., Tió-Coma, M., Leal-Calvo, T., Busso, P., Boy-Röttger, S., Chauffour, A., Rasamoelina, T., Andrianarison, A., Sendrasoa, F., Spencer, J. S., Singh, P., Dashatwar, D. R., Narang, R., Berland, J.-L., Jarlier, V., Salgado, C. G., Moraes, M. O., Geluk, A., Randrianantoandro, A., Cambau, E. and Cole, S. T. (2020). Population Genomics of Mycobacterium leprae Reveals a New Genotype in Madagascar and the Comoros. Frontiers in Microbiology 11, URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00711 [Accessed March 2022].
Baron, V., Forfait, C., Colot, J., Carzola, C., Descloux, E., Cauchoix, B., Cambau, E., Gaumery, J., Grangeon, J. and Klement, E. (2019). Épidémiologie de la lèpre en Nouvelle-Calédonie de 1983 à 2017. BEH 400–405, URL: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/import/epidemiologie-de-la-lepre-en-nouvelle-caledonie-de-1983-a-2017 [Accessed February 2022].
Cambau, E., Saunderson, P., Matsuoka, M., Cole, S. T., Kai, M., Suffys, P., Rosa, P. S., Williams, D., Gupta, U. D., Lavania, M., Cardona-Castro, N., Miyamoto, Y., Hagge, D., Srikantam, A., Hongseng, W., Indropo, A., Vissa, V., Johnson, R. C., Cauchoix, B., Pannikar, V. K., Cooreman, E. a. W. D., Pemmaraju, V. R. R., Gillini, L., Kriswamati, A., Al-Samie, A. R., Issoufou, A., Tiendrebeogo, A., Kingalu, A., Randrianantoandro, A., Kumar, A., Chauffour, A., Win, A. A., Pandey, B., Agrawal, C. M., Widaningrum, C., Schmotzer, C., Kafando, C., Bhandari, C. M., Sema, C., Vidanagama, D. S., Scollard, D. M., Beyene, D., Morelo, E. F., Kassa, E. D., Ramarolahy, E. B., Claco, E., Villalon, E. E., Sidibe, F., Sakho, F., Abdoulaye, F., Guilengue, F. F., Gajete, F., Babu, G. R., Moussa, G., Thakur, G. D., Cabanos, G., Sock, G., Clugston, G., Zaidy, H., Watanabe, H., Kawuma, H. J., Mallari, I. B., Goulart, I. M. B., Ahamed, I., Subbanna, J., Houzeo, J. G., Luengu, J. N. M., Bertolli, J., Lloyd-Owen, J., Matheu, J., Brunelli, J. P., Alzate, J. C. B., Neupane, Kapil Dev, Osuga, K., Yamaguchi, K., Azam, K., Lin, K. M., Momoudu, K., Kyaw, K., Bide, L., Doanh, L. H., My, L. H., Shah, M., Kodio, M., Sidibe, M., Ebenezer, M., Grossi, M. A. de F., Balagon, M. F., Canlonon, M., Makino, M., Htoo, M. M., Ahmed, M. J., Nadine, M.-M., Roferos, F. O., Krismawati, H., Thida, M., Htoon, M. T., Neupane, K. D., Phuc, N. H. N., Van, N. H., Hai, N. P. N., Ishii, N., Soe, O., Amiel, O., Tossou, O., Konare, O., Joshi, P. L., Rao, P. V. R., Krishnamurthy, P., Brennan, P. J., Busso, P., Bhatia, R., Andrianarivelo, M. R., Ramdas, D. R., Chabi, R., Gusmao, R., DjupuriIzwardy, R., Soares, R. C. F. R., Jhadav, R., Buhrer, S., Cho, S.-N. R., Jianping, S., Lzumi, S., Barua, S., Chaitanya, S., Tiendrebeogo, S. M. R., Khang, T. H., Gillis, T. P., Mori, T., Vijayalakshmi, V., Kamara, V. D., Wei, W., Smith, W. C. S., Li, W., Lew, W., Al-Qubati, Y., Suzuki, Y. and Nanba, Y. (2018). Antimicrobial resistance in leprosy: results of the first prospective open survey conducted by a WHO surveillance network for the period 2009–15. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 24, 1305–1310, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.02.022.
Chauffour, A., Lecorche, E., Reibel, F., Mougari, F., Raskine, L., Aubry, A., Jarlier, V. and Cambau, E. (2018). Prospective study on antimicrobial resistance in leprosy cases diagnosed in France from 2001 to 2015. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 24, 1213.e5-1213.e8, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.06.004.
Mieras, L. F., Taal, A. T., van Brakel, W. H., Cambau, E., Saunderson, P. R., Smith, W. C. S., Prakoeswa, C. R. S., Astari, L., Scollard, D. M., do Nascimento, D. C., Grosset, J., Kar, H. K., Izumi, S., Gillini, L., Virmond, M. C. L. and Sturkenboom, M. G. G. (2018). An enhanced regimen as post-exposure chemoprophylaxis for leprosy: PEP++. BMC Infectious Diseases 18, 506, http://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3402-4.
Cambau, E. (2018). Antileprosy drugs: mode of action and mechanisms. In: International textbook of leprosy, URL: https://internationaltextbookofleprosy.org/chapter/anti-leprosy-drugs-modes-action-and-mechanisms-resistance-mycobacterium-leprae [Accessed May 2022].
Machado, D., Lecorche, E., Mougari, F., Cambau, E. and Viveiros, M. (2018). Insights on Mycobacterium leprae Efflux Pumps and Their Implications in Drug Resistance and Virulence. Front Microbiol 9, http://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.03072.
Andre, E., Goeminne, L., Cabibbe, A., Beckert, P., Mukadi, B. K., Mathys, V., Gagneux, S., Niemann, S., Ingen, J. V. and Cambau, E. (2017). Consensus numbering system for the rifampicin resistance-associated rpoB gene mutations in pathogenic mycobacteria. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 23, 167–172, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.006.
Raharolahy, O., Ramarozatovo, L. S., Ranaivo, I. M., Sendrasoa, F. A., Andrianarison, M., Andrianarivelo, M. R., Cambau, E. and Rabenja, F. R. (2016). A Case of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Leprosy Discovered after 9 Years of Misdiagnosis. Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2016, 4632369, http://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4632369.
Mieras, L., Anthony, R., van Brakel, W., Bratschi, M. W., van den Broek, J., Cambau, E., Cavaliero, A., Kasang, C., Perera, G., Reichman, L., Richardus, J. H., Saunderson, P., Steinmann, P. and Yew, W. W. (2016). Negligible risk of inducing resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis with single-dose rifampicin as post-exposure prophylaxis for leprosy. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 5, 46, http://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-016-0140-y.
Reibel, F., Chauffour, A., Brossier, F., Jarlier, V., Cambau, E. and Aubry, A. (2015). New Insights into the Geographic Distribution of Mycobacterium leprae SNP Genotypes Determined for Isolates from Leprosy Cases Diagnosed in Metropolitan France and French Territories Ed. Johnson, C. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9, e0004141, http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004141.
Reibel, F., Cambau, E. and Aubry, A. (2015). Update on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of leprosy. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 45, 383–393, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2015.09.002.
Reibel, F., Cambau, E. and Aubry, A. (2015). Histoire et actualité du traitement de la lèpre. Journal des Anti-Infectieux 17, 91–98, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.antinf.2015.01.004.
Veziris, N., Chauffour, A., Escolano, S., Henquet, S., Matsuoka, M., Jarlier, V. and Aubry, A. (2013). Resistance of M. leprae to Quinolones: A Question of Relativity? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7, e2559, http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002559.
Gomez, C., Ponien, P., Serradji, N., Lamouri, A., Pantel, A., Capton, E., Jarlier, V., Anquetin, G. and Aubry, A. (2013). Synthesis of gatifloxacin derivatives and their biological activities against Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 21, 948–956, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2012.12.011.
Cambau, E., Chauffour-Nevejans, A., Tejmar-Kolar, L., Matsuoka, M. and Jarlier, V. (2012). Detection of Antibiotic Resistance in Leprosy Using GenoType LepraeDR, a Novel Ready-To-Use Molecular Test. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6, e1739, http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001739.
Matrat, S., Cambau, E., Jarlier, V. and Aubry, A. (2008). Are All the DNA Gyrase Mutations Found in Mycobacterium leprae Clinical Strains Involved in Resistance to Fluoroquinolones? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52, 745–747, http://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01095-07.
Honoré, N., Roche, P. W., Grosset, J. H. and Cole, S. T. (2001). A method for rapid detection of rifampicin-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium leprae. Lepr Rev 72, 441–448, http://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.20010052.
Grosset, J. H. and Cole, S. T. (2001). Genomics and the chemotherapy of leprosy. Lepr Rev 72, 429–440, http://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.20010051.
Grosset, J. H. (2001). Newer drugs in leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 69, S14-18.
Nguyen, L. N., Cartel, J. L. and Grosset, J. H. (2000). Chemoprophylaxis of leprosy in the southern Marquesas with a single 25 mg/kg dose of rifampicin. Results after 10 years. Lepr Rev 71 Suppl, S33-35; discussion S35-36, http://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.20000064.
Ji, B. and Grosset, J. (2000). Combination of rifapentine-moxifloxacin-minocycline (PMM) for the treatment of leprosy. Lepr Rev 71 Suppl, S81-87, http://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.20000074.
Consigny, S., Bentoucha, A., Bonnafous, P., Grosset, J. and Ji, B. (2000). Bactericidal activities of HMR 3647, moxifloxacin, and rifapentine against Mycobacterium leprae in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44, 2919–2921, http://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.44.10.2919-2921.2000.
Ji, B. and Grosset, J. H. (1999). Drugs and regimens for preventive therapy against tuberculosis, disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection and leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 67, S45-55.
Ji, B., Sow, S., Perani, E., Lienhardt, C., Diderot, V. and Grosset, J. (1998). Bactericidal activity of a single-dose combination of ofloxacin plus minocycline, with or without rifampin, against Mycobacterium leprae in mice and in lepromatous patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42, 1115–1120, http://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.42.5.1115.
Ji, B., Jamet, P., Sow, S., Perani, E. G., Traore, I. and Grosset, J. H. (1997). High relapse rate among lepromatous leprosy patients treated with rifampin plus ofloxacin daily for 4 weeks. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41, 1953–1956, http://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.41.9.1953.
Mane, I., Cartel, J. L. and Grosset, J. H. (1997). Field trial on efficacy of supervised monthly dose of 600 mg rifampin, 400 mg ofloxacin and 100 mg minocycline for the treatment of leprosy; first results. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 65, 224–229.
Grosset, J. (1997). Whither short-course chemotherapy for leprosy? Indian J Lepr 69, 119–120.
Ji, B., Levy, L. and Grosset, J. H. (1996). Chemotherapy of leprosy: progress since the Orlando Congress, and prospects for the future. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 64, S80-88; discussion S88-90.
Ji, B., Jamet, P., Perani, E. G., Sow, S., Lienhardt, C., Petinon, C. and Grosset, J. H. (1996). Bactericidal activity of single dose of clarithromycin plus minocycline, with or without ofloxacin, against Mycobacterium leprae in patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40, 2137–2141, http://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.40.9.2137.
Ji, B., Perani, E. G., Petinom, C. and Grosset, J. H. (1996). Bactericidal activities of combinations of new drugs against Mycobacterium leprae in nude mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40, 393–399, http://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.40.2.393.
Ji, B., Perani, E. G., Petinom, C., N’Deli, L. and Grosset, J. H. (1994). Clinical trial of ofloxacin alone and in combination with dapsone plus clofazimine for treatment of lepromatous leprosy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38, 662–667, http://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.38.4.662.
Xiong, J. H., Ji, B., Perani, E. G., Pétinon, C. and Grosset, J. H. (1994). Further study of the effectiveness of single doses of clarithromycin and minocycline against Mycobacterium leprae in mice. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 62, 37–42.
Honoré, N., Perrani, E., Telenti, A., Grosset, J. and Cole, S. T. (1993). A simple and rapid technique for the detection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium leprae. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 61, 600–604.
Ji, B., Jamet, P., Perani, E. G., Bobin, P. and Grosset, J. H. (1993). Powerful Bactericidal Activities of Clarithromycin and Minocycline against Mycobacterium leprae in Lepromatous Leprosy. J Infect Dis 168, 188–190, http://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/168.1.188.
Ji, B., Perani, E. G., Petinon, C. and Grosset, J. H. (1992). Bactericidal activities of single or multiple doses of various combinations of new antileprosy drugs and/or rifampin against M. leprae in mice. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 60, 556–561.
Ji, B., Perani, E. G. and Grosset, J. H. (1991). Effectiveness of clarithromycin and minocycline alone and in combination against experimental Mycobacterium leprae infection in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35, 579–581, http://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.35.3.579.
Ji, B. and Grosset, J. (1991). Ofloxacin for the treatment of leprosy. Acta Leprol 7, 321–326.